Relationship Between Parents’ and Indigenous Children’s Food Habits and Physical Activity
Abstract
Background: The surrounding domestic environment influences the indigenous children’s nutrition behaviour. This study examines the relationship between parental nutrition behaviour and children’s food habits and physical activities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 146 indigenous parents and children from indigenous primary schools in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. A pre-tested and self-administered questionnaire was utilized to assess the food habits and physical activities among targeted parents and children. Results: Parental healthy nutrition behaviour, including the parents’ vegetables and fruits consumption were positively and significantly correlated with the children’s healthy food habits, vegetables and fruits consumption, as well as the children’s physical activities after adjusted for selected socio-demographic variables. Besides, parental physical activity was positively correlated with the children’s physical activities (r = 0.139, p = 0.044). Conclusion: The promotion of the parents’ fruits and vegetable consumption, and physical activity enhances the children’s healthy food habits and physical activities.
Keywords:
Food Habits, Fruits and Vegetables, Nutrition Behaviour, Physical Activity
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References
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Basu, B., Das, K., & Palodhi, M. (2025). Impact of Malnutrition on Public Health: A Community-Driven Approach. In: Mukherjee, B. (eds) Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals. Springer, Singapore. 727-793. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-8622-3_23
Bonavolontà, V., Cataldi, S., Latino, F., Carvutto, R., De Candia, M., Mastrorilli, G., ... & Fischetti, F. (2021). The role of parental involvement in youth sport experience: Perceived and desired behavior by male soccer players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8698. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168698
Chew, C. C., Lim, X. J., Low, L. L., Lau, K. M., Kari, M., Shamsudin, U. K., & Rajan, P. (2022). The challenges in managing the growth of indigenous children in Perak State, Malaysia: A qualitative study. PLoS One, 17(3), e0265917. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265917
Chong, S. P., Appannah, G., & Sulaiman, N. (2019). Predictors of diet quality as measured by Malaysian healthy eating index among aboriginal women (Mah Meri) in Malaysia. Nutrients, 11(1), 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010135
Chua, E. Y., Zalilah, M. S., Chin, Y. S., & Norhasmah, S. (2012). Dietary diversity is associated with nutritional status of Orang Asli children in Krau Wildlife Reserve, Pahang. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 18(1). 1-13. https://nutriweb.org.my/mjn/publication/18-1/a.pdf
Clavero‐Jimeno, A., Dote‐Montero, M., Migueles, J. H., Camacho‐Cardenosa, A., Oses, M., Medina, J. E., ... & Ruiz, J. R. (2024). Impact of lifestyle moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity timing on glycemic control in sedentary adults with overweight/obesity and metabolic impairments. Obesity, 32(8), 1465-1473. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.24063
Crone, M. R., Slagboom, M. N., Overmars, A., Starken, L., van de Sande, M. C., Wesdorp, N., & Reis, R. (2021). The evaluation of a family-engagement approach to increase physical activity, healthy nutrition, and well-being in children and their parents. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 747725. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.747725
Cui, L., Xing, Y., Gu, J., Zhou, H., Zhang, L., & Bu, Y. (2024). The influence of physical exercise on adolescents’ externalizing problem behaviors: Mediating effects of parent–child relationships, self-esteem, and self-control. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1452574. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1452574
De Cianni, R., Pippinato, L., Zanchini, R., Brun, F., Di Vita, G., & Mancuso, T. (2023). Parental behaviour in choosing snacks for children aged six to ten: the role of mothers' nutritional awareness. British Food Journal, 125(2), 713-730. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-09-2021-1010
Ersado, T. L. (2022). Causes of malnutrition. In Combating malnutrition through sustainable approaches. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104458
Feng, L. B. (2025). The correlation between different lifestyles and body composition focuses on eating habits, nutritional status, and physical exercise components. Hormones, 24(3), 621-641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-025-00661-3
Gesteiro, E., García-Carro, A., Aparicio-Ugarriza, R., & González-Gross, M. (2022). Eating out of home: influence on nutrition, health, and policies: A scoping review. Nutrients, 14(6), 1265. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061265
Grant, S. J., Beauchamp, M. R., Blanchard, C. M., Carson, V., Gardner, B., Warburton, D. E., & Rhodes, R. E. (2020). Parents and children active together: A randomized trial protocol examining motivational, regulatory, and habitual intervention approaches. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1436. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09465-z
Hanemaayer, R., Neufeld, H. T., Anderson, K., Haines, J., Gordon, K., Lickers, K. R. L., ... & Peeters, M. (2022). Exploring the environmental determinants of food choice among Haudenosaunee female youth. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1156. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13434-z
Karademir‐Hazır, I. (2021). How (not) to feed young children: A class‐cultural analysis of food parenting practices. The British Journal of Sociology, 72(5), 1200-1213. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12900
Karimi, E., Haghighatdoost, F., Mohammadifard, N., Najafi, F., Farshidi, H., Kazemi, T., ... & Mansourian, M. (2023). The influential role of parents’ socioeconomic status and diet quality on their children’s dietary behavior: results from the LIPOKAP study among the Iranian population. BMC Pediatrics, 23(1), 188. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04000-6
Karmali, S., Battram, D. S., Burke, S. M., Cramp, A., Johnson, A. M., Mantler, T., ... & Irwin, J. D. (2020). Perspectives and impact of a parent-child intervention on dietary intake and physical activity behaviours, parental motivation, and parental body composition: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186822
Kim, J., Lindqvist, A. K., & Castelli, D. M. (2025). Feasibility of utilizing gamified learning as a motivational strategy for promoting physical activity participation and healthy eating among college students. Journal of American College Health, 73(6), 2651-2659. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2024.2325929
Kovács, K., Oláh, Á. J., & Pusztai, G. (2024). The role of parental involvement in academic and sports achievement. Heliyon, 10(2). https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(24)00321-9
Krejcie, R. V, & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
Kuralneethi, S., Sharif Ishak, S. I. Z., & Ulaganathan, V. (2022). Association between dietary quality and growth of the aboriginal primary school children in Negeri Sembilan. British Food Journal, 124(5), 1712-1726. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-04-2021-0350
Leu, J., Rebello, S. A., Sargent, G. M., Kelly, M., & Banwell, C. (2024). Working young adults’ engagement with public and workplace health promotion efforts in Singapore: A qualitative study. PLoS One, 19(10), e0309983. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309983
Mahmood, L., Flores-Barrantes, P., Moreno, L. A., Manios, Y., & Gonzalez-Gil, E. M. (2021). The influence of parental dietary behaviors and practices on children’s eating habits. Nutrients, 13(4), 1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041138
Mäkelä, I., Koivuniemi, E., Vahlberg, T., Raats, M. M., & Laitinen, K. (2023). Self-reported parental healthy dietary behavior relates to views on child feeding and health and diet quality. Nutrients, 15(4), 1024. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041024
Murtaza, S. F., Gan, W. Y., Sulaiman, N., & Shariff, Z. M. (2018). Factors associated with stunting among Orang Asli preschool children in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 24(2), 215-226. https://maljnutr.org.my/publication/24-2/g.pdf
Ningning, W., & Wenguang, C. (2023). Influence of family parenting style on the formation of eating behaviors and habits in preschool children: The mediating role of quality of life and nutritional knowledge. PLoS One, 18(7), e0288878. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288878
Petersen, T. L., Møller, L. B., Brønd, J. C., Jepsen, R., & Grøntved, A. (2020). Association between parent and child physical activity: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-00966-z
Ravikumar, D., Spyreli, E., Woodside, J., McKinley, M., & Kelly, C. (2022). Parental perceptions of the food environment and their influence on food decisions among low-income families: A rapid review of qualitative evidence. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12414-z
Saah, F. I., Amu, H., Seidu, A. A., & Bain, L. E. (2021). Health knowledge and care seeking behaviour in resource-limited settings amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study in Ghana. PLoS One, 16(5), e0250940. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250940
Sarkingobir, Y., & Miya, Y. Y. (2024). Empty Calories in Processed Foods: A Comprehensive Review of Dietary Implications. Kashmir Journal of Science, 3(04), 67-88. https://doi.org/10.63147/krjs.v3i04.57
Sohun, R., MacPhail, A., & MacDonncha, C. (2021). Physical activity parenting practices in Ireland: a qualitative analysis. Sport, Education and Society, 26(3), 281-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2020.1723520
Sylvetsky, A. C., Visek, A. J., Turvey, C., Halberg, S., Weisenberg, J. R., Lora, K., & Sacheck, J. (2020). Parental concerns about child and adolescent caffeinated sugar-sweetened beverage intake and perceived barriers to reducing consumption. Nutrients, 12(4), 885. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040885
Tay, J. E. F., Ulaganathan, V., Kua, G. Y. L., Adan, M. A., & Lim, S. Y. (2022). Nutritional status of orang asli in Malaysia. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS), 29(3), 17-29. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2022.29.3.3
Ulaganathan, V., Sivapathy, S., & Kandiah, M. (2020). Association between food habits and nutritional status of secondary school students in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: baseline findings from Nuteen project. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 66(Supplement), S256-S261. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.66.S256
Walker, R., House, D., Emm-Collison, L., Salway, R., Tibbitts, B., Sansum, K., ... & Jago, R. (2022). A multi-perspective qualitative exploration of the reasons for changes in the physical activity among 10–11-year-old children following the easing of the COVID-19 lockdown in the UK in 2021. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 19(1), 114. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-022-01356-3
Wellard-Cole, L., Davies, A., & Allman-Farinelli, M. (2022). Contribution of foods prepared away from home to intakes of energy and nutrients of public health concern in adults: a systematic review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(20), 5511-5522. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1887075
Wong, C. Y., Zalilah, M. S., Chua, E. Y., Norhasmah, S., Chin, Y. S., & Siti Nur’Asyura, A. (2015). Double-burden of malnutrition among the indigenous peoples (Orang Asli) of Peninsular Malaysia. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 680. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2058-x
Ahmad, A. T., Musa, M., Zainun, N., Rodziadi Khaw, N., Edinur, H. A., & Chambers, G. K. (2021). A Multidisciplinary Account of the Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia. In: Abdullah, M.T., Bartholomew, C.V., Mohammad, A. (eds) Resource Use and Sustainability of Orang Asli. Springer, Cham. 157-188. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64961-6_11
Basu, B., Das, K., & Palodhi, M. (2025). Impact of Malnutrition on Public Health: A Community-Driven Approach. In: Mukherjee, B. (eds) Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals. Springer, Singapore. 727-793. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-8622-3_23
Bonavolontà, V., Cataldi, S., Latino, F., Carvutto, R., De Candia, M., Mastrorilli, G., ... & Fischetti, F. (2021). The role of parental involvement in youth sport experience: Perceived and desired behavior by male soccer players. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8698. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168698
Chew, C. C., Lim, X. J., Low, L. L., Lau, K. M., Kari, M., Shamsudin, U. K., & Rajan, P. (2022). The challenges in managing the growth of indigenous children in Perak State, Malaysia: A qualitative study. PLoS One, 17(3), e0265917. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265917
Chong, S. P., Appannah, G., & Sulaiman, N. (2019). Predictors of diet quality as measured by Malaysian healthy eating index among aboriginal women (Mah Meri) in Malaysia. Nutrients, 11(1), 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11010135
Chua, E. Y., Zalilah, M. S., Chin, Y. S., & Norhasmah, S. (2012). Dietary diversity is associated with nutritional status of Orang Asli children in Krau Wildlife Reserve, Pahang. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 18(1). 1-13. https://nutriweb.org.my/mjn/publication/18-1/a.pdf
Clavero‐Jimeno, A., Dote‐Montero, M., Migueles, J. H., Camacho‐Cardenosa, A., Oses, M., Medina, J. E., ... & Ruiz, J. R. (2024). Impact of lifestyle moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity timing on glycemic control in sedentary adults with overweight/obesity and metabolic impairments. Obesity, 32(8), 1465-1473. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.24063
Crone, M. R., Slagboom, M. N., Overmars, A., Starken, L., van de Sande, M. C., Wesdorp, N., & Reis, R. (2021). The evaluation of a family-engagement approach to increase physical activity, healthy nutrition, and well-being in children and their parents. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 747725. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.747725
Cui, L., Xing, Y., Gu, J., Zhou, H., Zhang, L., & Bu, Y. (2024). The influence of physical exercise on adolescents’ externalizing problem behaviors: Mediating effects of parent–child relationships, self-esteem, and self-control. Frontiers in Public Health, 12, 1452574. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1452574
De Cianni, R., Pippinato, L., Zanchini, R., Brun, F., Di Vita, G., & Mancuso, T. (2023). Parental behaviour in choosing snacks for children aged six to ten: the role of mothers' nutritional awareness. British Food Journal, 125(2), 713-730. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-09-2021-1010
Ersado, T. L. (2022). Causes of malnutrition. In Combating malnutrition through sustainable approaches. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104458
Feng, L. B. (2025). The correlation between different lifestyles and body composition focuses on eating habits, nutritional status, and physical exercise components. Hormones, 24(3), 621-641. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-025-00661-3
Gesteiro, E., García-Carro, A., Aparicio-Ugarriza, R., & González-Gross, M. (2022). Eating out of home: influence on nutrition, health, and policies: A scoping review. Nutrients, 14(6), 1265. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14061265
Grant, S. J., Beauchamp, M. R., Blanchard, C. M., Carson, V., Gardner, B., Warburton, D. E., & Rhodes, R. E. (2020). Parents and children active together: A randomized trial protocol examining motivational, regulatory, and habitual intervention approaches. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1436. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09465-z
Hanemaayer, R., Neufeld, H. T., Anderson, K., Haines, J., Gordon, K., Lickers, K. R. L., ... & Peeters, M. (2022). Exploring the environmental determinants of food choice among Haudenosaunee female youth. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1156. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13434-z
Karademir‐Hazır, I. (2021). How (not) to feed young children: A class‐cultural analysis of food parenting practices. The British Journal of Sociology, 72(5), 1200-1213. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12900
Karimi, E., Haghighatdoost, F., Mohammadifard, N., Najafi, F., Farshidi, H., Kazemi, T., ... & Mansourian, M. (2023). The influential role of parents’ socioeconomic status and diet quality on their children’s dietary behavior: results from the LIPOKAP study among the Iranian population. BMC Pediatrics, 23(1), 188. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-04000-6
Karmali, S., Battram, D. S., Burke, S. M., Cramp, A., Johnson, A. M., Mantler, T., ... & Irwin, J. D. (2020). Perspectives and impact of a parent-child intervention on dietary intake and physical activity behaviours, parental motivation, and parental body composition: a randomized controlled trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6822. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186822
Kim, J., Lindqvist, A. K., & Castelli, D. M. (2025). Feasibility of utilizing gamified learning as a motivational strategy for promoting physical activity participation and healthy eating among college students. Journal of American College Health, 73(6), 2651-2659. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2024.2325929
Kovács, K., Oláh, Á. J., & Pusztai, G. (2024). The role of parental involvement in academic and sports achievement. Heliyon, 10(2). https://www.cell.com/heliyon/fulltext/S2405-8440(24)00321-9
Krejcie, R. V, & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
Kuralneethi, S., Sharif Ishak, S. I. Z., & Ulaganathan, V. (2022). Association between dietary quality and growth of the aboriginal primary school children in Negeri Sembilan. British Food Journal, 124(5), 1712-1726. https://doi.org/10.1108/BFJ-04-2021-0350
Leu, J., Rebello, S. A., Sargent, G. M., Kelly, M., & Banwell, C. (2024). Working young adults’ engagement with public and workplace health promotion efforts in Singapore: A qualitative study. PLoS One, 19(10), e0309983. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0309983
Mahmood, L., Flores-Barrantes, P., Moreno, L. A., Manios, Y., & Gonzalez-Gil, E. M. (2021). The influence of parental dietary behaviors and practices on children’s eating habits. Nutrients, 13(4), 1138. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13041138
Mäkelä, I., Koivuniemi, E., Vahlberg, T., Raats, M. M., & Laitinen, K. (2023). Self-reported parental healthy dietary behavior relates to views on child feeding and health and diet quality. Nutrients, 15(4), 1024. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15041024
Murtaza, S. F., Gan, W. Y., Sulaiman, N., & Shariff, Z. M. (2018). Factors associated with stunting among Orang Asli preschool children in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Malaysian Journal of Nutrition, 24(2), 215-226. https://maljnutr.org.my/publication/24-2/g.pdf
Ningning, W., & Wenguang, C. (2023). Influence of family parenting style on the formation of eating behaviors and habits in preschool children: The mediating role of quality of life and nutritional knowledge. PLoS One, 18(7), e0288878. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0288878
Petersen, T. L., Møller, L. B., Brønd, J. C., Jepsen, R., & Grøntved, A. (2020). Association between parent and child physical activity: a systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 17(1), 67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-020-00966-z
Ravikumar, D., Spyreli, E., Woodside, J., McKinley, M., & Kelly, C. (2022). Parental perceptions of the food environment and their influence on food decisions among low-income families: A rapid review of qualitative evidence. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12414-z
Saah, F. I., Amu, H., Seidu, A. A., & Bain, L. E. (2021). Health knowledge and care seeking behaviour in resource-limited settings amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study in Ghana. PLoS One, 16(5), e0250940. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250940
Sarkingobir, Y., & Miya, Y. Y. (2024). Empty Calories in Processed Foods: A Comprehensive Review of Dietary Implications. Kashmir Journal of Science, 3(04), 67-88. https://doi.org/10.63147/krjs.v3i04.57
Sohun, R., MacPhail, A., & MacDonncha, C. (2021). Physical activity parenting practices in Ireland: a qualitative analysis. Sport, Education and Society, 26(3), 281-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/13573322.2020.1723520
Sylvetsky, A. C., Visek, A. J., Turvey, C., Halberg, S., Weisenberg, J. R., Lora, K., & Sacheck, J. (2020). Parental concerns about child and adolescent caffeinated sugar-sweetened beverage intake and perceived barriers to reducing consumption. Nutrients, 12(4), 885. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12040885
Tay, J. E. F., Ulaganathan, V., Kua, G. Y. L., Adan, M. A., & Lim, S. Y. (2022). Nutritional status of orang asli in Malaysia. The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences (MJMS), 29(3), 17-29. https://doi.org/10.21315/mjms2022.29.3.3
Ulaganathan, V., Sivapathy, S., & Kandiah, M. (2020). Association between food habits and nutritional status of secondary school students in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: baseline findings from Nuteen project. Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology, 66(Supplement), S256-S261. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.66.S256
Walker, R., House, D., Emm-Collison, L., Salway, R., Tibbitts, B., Sansum, K., ... & Jago, R. (2022). A multi-perspective qualitative exploration of the reasons for changes in the physical activity among 10–11-year-old children following the easing of the COVID-19 lockdown in the UK in 2021. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 19(1), 114. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-022-01356-3
Wellard-Cole, L., Davies, A., & Allman-Farinelli, M. (2022). Contribution of foods prepared away from home to intakes of energy and nutrients of public health concern in adults: a systematic review. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 62(20), 5511-5522. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2021.1887075
Wong, C. Y., Zalilah, M. S., Chua, E. Y., Norhasmah, S., Chin, Y. S., & Siti Nur’Asyura, A. (2015). Double-burden of malnutrition among the indigenous peoples (Orang Asli) of Peninsular Malaysia. BMC Public Health, 15(1), 680. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-2058-x
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Augundhooa, D., Royani, M., Gunasekaran, B., Muniroh, L. and Ulaganathan, V. (2026) “Relationship Between Parents’ and Indigenous Children’s Food Habits and Physical Activity”, International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 9(2), pp. 30-41. doi: https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2026.v09i02.003.
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