Quantitative Assessment of School Food Environment and Dietary Practices of Malaysian Adolescents
Abstract
Background: The food environment plays a significant role in shaping dietary practices, contributing to the rise of an obesogenic generation. Existing research has primarily focused on population-wide initiatives, creating a research gap concerning adolescents. Distinct environmental factors influence their dietary habits, with the school food environment being a major contributor, as students spend a considerable amount of time in schools. This study aims to determine the relationship between public secondary school students’ perceptions of their school food environment and their dietary practices. Methods: This study involved a sample size of 118 students attending public secondary schools in Malaysia. Data were collected via online platforms using a validated and pre-tested school food environment questionnaire and were analysed using IBM SPSS 26. Results: The students exhibited a moderate level of perception (mean = 0.50 ± 0.02) and practice (mean = 2.73 ± 0.04) regarding the school food environment. Significant differences were observed between students’ perceptions of the school food environment and variables such as ethnic groups (Malay, Chinese, and Indian) (p = 0.001), father’s educational status (p = 0.019), mother’s educational background (p = 0.038), and father’s employment status (p = 0.014). A significant, positive, and moderate relationship was found between students’ perception and practice of a healthy diet in the school environment (r = 0.246, p = 0.007). After adjusting for confounding variables, the relationship between students’ perception and practice of a healthy diet in the school environment remained significant (r = 0.246, p <0.05). Conclusion: Developing a healthy school food environment is essential for enhancing students' perceptions and improving their dietary practices within the school canteen.
Keywords:
Health Education, Obesity, Practice, School Food Environment
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References
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Awaluddin, S. M., Ibrahim Wong, N., Rodzlan Hasani, W. S., Omar, M. A., Mohd Yusoff, M. F., Nik Abd Rashid, N. R., & Aris, T. (2019). Methodology and representativeness of the Adolescent Health Survey 2017 in Malaysia. Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health, 31(8_suppl), 8S-17S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539519854884
Chortatos, A., Terragni, L., Henjum, S., Gjertsen, M., Torheim, L. E., & Gebremariam, M. K. (2018). Consumption habits of school canteen and non-canteen users among Norwegian young adolescents: a mixed method analysis. BMC Pediatrics, 18(1), 328. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-018-1299-0
Devine, L. D., Hill, A. J., & Gallagher, A. M. (2023). Improving adolescents' dietary behaviours in the school-setting: challenges and opportunities. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 82(2), 172-185. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665123002197
Downs, S., & Demmler, K. M. (2020). Food environment interventions targeting children and adolescents: a scoping review. Global Food Security, 27, 100403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100403
Efthymiou, V., Charmandari, E., Vlachakis, D., Tsitsika, A., Pałasz, A., Chrousos, G., & Bacopoulou, F. (2021). Adolescent self-efficacy for diet and exercise following a school-based multicomponent lifestyle intervention. Nutrients, 14(1), 97. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14010097
Eng, C. W., Lim, S. C., Ngongo, C., Sham, Z. H., Kataria, I., Chandran, A., & Mustapha, F. I. (2022). Dietary practices, food purchasing, and perceptions about healthy food availability and affordability: a cross-sectional study of low-income Malaysian adults. BMC Public Health, 22, 192. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12598-y
Even, B., Truong, T. T. T., Thai, H. T. M., Pham, H. T. M., Nguyen, D. T., Bui, A. T. V., & Béné, C. (2025). Unpacking food environment policy landscapes for healthier diets in “emerging” countries: the case of Viet Nam. Frontiers in Public Health, 13, 1548956. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1548956
Ghaffar, S. A., Talib, R. A., Karim, N. A. (2019). Food choices and diet quality in the school food environment: a qualitative insight from the perspective of adolescents. Malaysian Journal of Medicine and Health Sciences, 15(SP1), 16-24. https://medic.upm.edu.my/upload/dokumen/2019041008170103_MJMHS_Vol_15_SP1.pdf
Haines, J., Haycraft, E., Lytle, L., Nicklaus, S., Kok, F. J., Merdji, M., ... & Hughes, S. O. (2019). Nurturing children's healthy eating: position statement. Appetite, 137, 124-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.02.007
Hermans, R. C., Smit, K., van den Broek, N., Evenhuis, I. J., & Veldhuis, L. (2020). Adolescents’ food purchasing patterns in the school food environment: Examining the role of perceived relationship support and maternal monitoring. Nutrients, 12(3), 733. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12030733
Ishak, S. I. Z. S., Chin, Y. S., Taib, M. N. M., & Shariff, Z. M. (2020). Malaysian adolescents’ perceptions of healthy eating: a qualitative study. Public Health Nutrition, 23(8), 1440-1449. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980019003677
Iyassu, A., Laillou, A., Tilahun, K., Workneh, F., Mogues, S., Chitekwe, S., & Baye, K. (2024). The influence of adolescents' nutrition knowledge and school food environment on adolescents' dietary behaviors in urban Ethiopia: A qualitative study. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 20, e13527. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.13527
Khaw, W. F., Nasaruddin, N. H., Alias, N., Chan, Y. M., Tan, L., Cheong, S. M., ... & Yong, H. Y. (2022). Socio-demographic factors and healthy lifestyle behaviours among Malaysian adults: National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 16569. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-20511-1
Leme, A. C. B., Fisberg, R. M., Baranowski, T., Nicklas, T., Callender, C. S., Kasam, A., ... & Thompson, D. (2021). Perceptions about health, nutrition knowledge, and myplate food categorization among US adolescents: a qualitative study. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 53(2), 110-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2020.11.008
Lepley, T., Schwager, Z., & Khalid, Z. (2022). Identification and management of night eating syndrome in the adolescent and young adult population. The primary care companion for CNS disorders, 24(1), 21r03062. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.21r03062
Li, X., Braakhuis, A., Li, Z., & Roy, R. (2022). How does the university food environment impact student dietary behaviors? A systematic review. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9, 840818. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.840818
Malczyk, E., Walkiewicz, K. W., Muc-Wierzgoń, M., & Dzięgielewska-Gęsiak, S. (2025). Estimation of intake of fat, saturated fatty acids, and trans fatty acids from sweet and salty snacks among children and adolescents. Nutrients, 17(9), 1572. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17091572
Masthalina, H., Purba, M., & Pangaribuan, L. (2024). Fast food consumption patterns nutritional status and anemia among female. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 10(7), 3656-3663. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v10i7.8030
Mastorci, F., Lazzeri, M. F. L., Vassalle, C., & Pingitore, A. (2024). The transition from childhood to adolescence: Between health and vulnerability. Children, 11(8), 989. https://doi.org/10.3390/children11080989
Millar, H., Tzivakis, D., Rangan, A., & Roy, R. (2025). Dietary transitions and sustainability among asian international tertiary education students in western countries: A scoping review. Sustainability, 17(6), 2505. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17062505
Mohabati, S., Mirahmadizadeh, A., Hassanzadeh-Rostami, Z., Bellissimo, N., & Faghih, S. (2024). The relationship between weight status and food environments, peer influence and dietary intake among high-school students: a case-control study. Nutrition & Food Science, 54(2), 391-402. https://doi.org/10.1108/NFS-03-2023-0049
Mohammadi, S., Su, T. T., Jalaludin, M. Y., Dahlui, M., Azmi Mohamed, M. N., Papadaki, A., ... & Majid, H. A. (2020). School-based intervention to improve healthy eating practices among Malaysian adolescents: a feasibility study protocol. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 549637. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.549637
Mohammadi, S., Su, T. T., Papadaki, A., Jalaludin, M. Y., Dahlui, M., Mohamed, M. N. A., ... & Majid, H. A. (2021). Perceptions of eating practices and physical activity among Malaysian adolescents in secondary schools: a qualitative study with multi-stakeholders. Public Health Nutrition, 24(8), 2273-2285. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020002293
Mukoma, G., Bosire, E. N., Klingberg, S., & Norris, S. A. (2023). Healthy eating and physical activity: analysing Soweto’s young adults’ perspectives with an intersectionality lens. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(7), e0001429. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001429
Muniroh, L., Puspikawati, S. I., Indriani, D., Abihail, C. T., Astuti, R. D. P., Ulaganathan, V., & Socadevia, A. (2025). Exploring cultural influences on eating habits and lifestyles among tengger tribe adolescents: a qualitative approach. Amerta Nutrition, 9(3). 389-396. https://doi.org/10.20473/amnt.v9i3.2025.389-396
Nathan, N., Yoong, S. L., Sutherland, R., Reilly, K., Delaney, T., Janssen, L., Robertson, K., Reynolds, R., Chai, L. K., & Lecathelinais, C. (2016). Effectiveness of a multicomponent intervention to enhance implementation of a healthy canteen policy in Australian primary schools: a randomised controlled trial. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 13, 106. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-016-0431-5
National Institutes of Health (2019). NCDs: Non-communicable diseases—Risk factors and other health factors. National Health and Morbidity Survey 2019. National Institutes of Health. https://iku.moh.gov.my/images/IKU/Document/REPORT/NHMS2019/Report_NHMS2019-NCD_v2.pdf
Oliveira, L., BinMowyna, M. N., Alasqah, I., Zandonadi, R. P., Teixeira-Lemos, E., Chaves, C., ... & Raposo, A. (2024). A Pilot Study on Dietary Choices at Universities: Vending Machines, Canteens, and Lunch from Home. Nutrients, 16(11), 1722. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16111722
Rachmadewi, A., Soekarjo, D., Maehara, M., Alwi, B., Mulati, E., & Rah, J. H. (2021). School canteens in selected areas in Indonesia: a situation analysis. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 42(2), 225-246. https://doi.org/10.1177/03795721211008021
Rezali, F. W., Chin, Y. S., Shariff, Z. M., Yusof, B. N. M., Sanker, K., & Woon, F. C. (2015). Evaluation of diet quality and its associated factors among adolescents in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Nutrition Research and Practice, 9(5), 511-516. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2015.9.5.511
Rodríguez-Barniol, M., Pujol-Busquets, G., & Bach-Faig, A. (2024). Screen time use and ultra-processed food consumption in adolescents: A focus group qualitative study. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 124(10), 1336-1346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2024.04.015
Rosin, M., Ni Mhurchu, C., & Mackay, S. (2024). Implementing healthy food policies in health sector settings: New Zealand stakeholder perspectives. BMC Nutrition, 10(1), 119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-024-00924-z
Roy, R., Alsaie, A., Malloy, J., & Kemper, J. A. (2024). Sustainable culinary skills: fostering vegetable-centric cooking practices among young adults for health and environmental benefits—a qualitative study. Sustainability, 16(2), 928. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16020928
Schliemann, D., & Woodside, J. V. (2019). The effectiveness of dietary workplace interventions: a systematic review of systematic reviews. Public Health Nutrition, 22(5), 942-955. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980018003750
Sildén, K. E. (2018). Impact of competitive foods in public schools on child nutrition: effects on adolescent obesity in the United States an integrative systematic literature review. Global Health Action, 11(1), 1477492. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2018.1477492
Silva, P. (2025). Enhancing adolescent food literacy through mediterranean diet principles: From evidence to practice. Nutrients, 17(8), 1371. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17081371
Sogari, G., Velez-Argumedo, C., Gómez, M. I., & Mora, C. (2018). College students and eating habits: A study using an ecological model for healthy behavior. Nutrients, 10(12), 1823. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10121823
Soon, J. M., Wahab, I. R. A., Hamdan, R. H., & Jamaludin, M. H. (2020). Structural equation modelling of food safety knowledge, attitude and practices among consumers in Malaysia. PloS One, 15(7), e0235870. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0235870
Teo, C. H., Chin, Y. S., Lim, P. Y., Masrom, S. A. H., & Shariff, Z. M. (2021). Impacts of a school-based intervention that incorporates nutrition education and a supportive healthy school canteen environment among primary school children in Malaysia. Nutrients, 13(5), 1712. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13051712
Tripicchio, G. L., Bailey, R. L., Davey, A., Croce, C. M., & Fisher, J. O. (2023). Snack frequency, size, and energy density are associated with diet quality among US adolescents. Public Health Nutrition, 26(11), 2374-2382. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980023001635
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How to Cite
Augundhooa, D., Royani, S., Gunasekaran, B., Muniroh, L., & Ulaganathan, V. (2025). Quantitative Assessment of School Food Environment and Dietary Practices of Malaysian Adolescents. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 8(4), 232-241. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2025.v08i04.017
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Research Articles
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