Nutritional Benefits of Innovative Papaya-based Zooplankton for Ornamental Fish Growth, Chiefly Guppy Fishes (Poecilia reticulata)
Abstract
Zooplankton plays a key role in linking primary producers to higher-level consumers within the aquatic food web. More than 75% of fish species consume zooplankton. The availability of live feed cultures is vital for the growth of aquaculture ventures. Daphnia and Moina are the two typical zooplankton species frequently used in fish care. A laboratory study was conducted to assess the growth and production of two specific zooplankton species, highlighting their potential as fish food. Daphnia and Moina are generally cultured with cow dung cake, yeast, and green pond water as growth resources. Our innovation introduces papaya leaves and stems into the zooplankton culture, as papaya leaves are a rich source of nutrients and vitamins. Observations over 10 days indicated significant growth of zooplankton when papaya leaves and stems were introduced. We studied guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata), one of the most popular ornamental fish, hypothesizing that live feed would impact the growth and colouration of guppies. Supporting our hypothesis, both male and female guppies exhibited more vivid colours and faster growth rates when fed a mixture of Moina and Daphnia cultured with papaya leaves and stems, compared to others. Zooplankton growth and water quality analysis of different fish aquaria also showed significant differences. We can conclude that a live mixture of Daphnia and Moina, innovatively cultured with papaya leaves and stems, provides nutritional benefits to the zooplankton, significantly enhancing the growth and colouration of guppy fish with fewer toxic effects. This innovation will make a revolution in the ornamental fish industry in the near future.
Keywords:
Guppy Fishes, Innovative Technique, Papaya, Zooplankton
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References
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Khan, N. S., & Rahman, M. S. (2025). Zooplankton in aquaculture: A perspective on nutrition and cost‐effectiveness. Aquaculture Research, 2025, 5347147. https://doi.org/10.1155/are/5347147
Khatoon, H., Banerjee, S., Yusoff, F. M., & Shariff, M. (2013). Use of microalgal‐enriched D iaphanosoma celebensis S tingelin, 1900 for rearing L itopenaeusvannamei (B oone, 1931) postlarvae. Aquaculture Nutrition, 19(2), 163-171. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2012.00952.x
Kirn, T. J., Jude, B. A., & Taylor, R. K. (2005). A colonization factor links Vibrio cholerae environmental survival and human infection. Nature, 438, 863-866. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04249
Komilus, C. F., &Mufit, N. M. M. (2021, November). Dried acetes as growth promoter for guppy (Poecilia reticulata) nutrition. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science (Vol. 919, No. 1, p. 012049). IOP Publishing. http://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/919/1/012049
Kumaratunga, P. H. S., &Radampola, K. (2019). Effect of different commercial feeds on growth and reproductive performance of Guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters. Journal of the University of Ruhuna, 7(1), 6-11. http://doi.org/10.4038/jur.v7i1.7930
Lomartire, S., Marques, J. C., & Gonçalves, A. M. (2021). The key role of zooplankton in ecosystem services: A perspective of interaction between zooplankton and fish recruitment. Ecological Indicators, 129, 107867. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2021.107867
Mæhre, H. K., Hamre, K., &Elvevoll, E. O. (2013). Nutrient evaluation of rotifers and zooplankton: feed for marine fish larvae. Aquaculture Nutrition, 19(3), 301-311.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2095.2012.00960.x
Mandal S., Kaur V. I.,Khairnar S.O., Bansal, N., Wagh, R.V., & Angad, G. (2025). Papaya epicarp powder meal as natural carotenoid source for pigmentation and growth in indigenous ornamental fish, Rosy Barb (Pethiaconchonius). Indian Journal of Ecology, 52(6), 1647–1652. https://doi.org/10.55362/IJE/2025/4706
Manickam, N., Bhavan, P. S., Santhanam, P., Bhuvaneswari, R., Muralisankar, T., Srinivasan, V., ... & Karthik, M. (2018). Impact of seasonal changes in zooplankton biodiversity in Ukkadam Lake, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, and potential future implications of climate change. The Journal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 79(1), 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41936-018-0029-3
Mic S. A., Jenifer, J. S., Ajitha, R., Dobina S. D., Sahaya S. S., Mary M. B. S., & Vinoliya J. M. J. (2023). Effect of dietary supplementation of papaya leaf on growth and feeding bioenergetics of Indian major carp, Labeorohita. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 11(2), 101-105. https://doi.org/10.22271/fish.2023.v11.i2b.2794
Murugan, N., Murugavel, P., & Kodarkar, M. S. (1998). Cladocera: The biology, classification, identification and ecology. Indian Association of Aquatic Biologists (IAAB), Hyderabad, 5, 1-55.
Nandini, S., & Sarma, S. S. S. (2003). Population growth of some genera of cladocerans (Cladocera) in relation to algal food (Chlorella vulgaris) levels. Hydrobiologia, 491, 211-219. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024410314313
Nandini, S., Aguilera-Lara, D., Sarma, S. S. S., &Ramı́rez-Garcı́a, P. (2004). The ability of selected cladoceran species to utilize domestic wastewaters in Mexico City. Journal of Environmental Management, 71(1), 59-65. https://10.1016/j.jenvman.2004.02.001
Øie, G., Galloway, T., Sørøy, M., Holmvaag Hansen, M., Norheim, I. A., Halseth, C. K., ... & Kjørsvik, E. (2017). Effect of cultivated copepods (Acartiatonsa) in first‐feeding of Atlantic cod (G adusmorhua) and ballan wrasse (L abrusbergylta) larvae. Aquaculture Nutrition, 23, 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/anu.12352
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Sikdar, S., Sikdar, S., Mukherjee, S., Roy, S. and Mukherjee, S. (2026) “Nutritional Benefits of Innovative Papaya-based Zooplankton for Ornamental Fish Growth, Chiefly Guppy Fishes (Poecilia reticulata)”, International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 9(2), pp. 134-152. doi: https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2026.v09i02.011.
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