Test of Combination of Essential Oils of Betel Leaf, Basil, and Lime as Active Ingredients of Liquid Soap
Abstract
One natural ingredient with the potential to serve as the primary raw material for skincare cosmetic products is essential oils (EOs). Given the urgency of the issue, efforts must be made to develop essential oil-based cosmetic products, particularly in the form of soap. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the quality of EOs, the physical stability, and the antibacterial activity of liquid soap containing green betel leaf, basil leaf, and lime peel EOs against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria. This study follows an experimental design. The samples used in this study were EOs from green betel leaf, basil leaf, and lime peel. The physical stability test of the liquid soap includes organoleptic evaluation, viscosity, pH, and homogeneity. The antibacterial activity test was conducted using the Kirby-Bauer method on liquid soap with the formulas F1 (5%), F2 (10%), and F3 (15%). The results showed that the main components of the EOs in the betel leaf, basil leaf, and lime peel included eugenol, linalool, and limonene. All liquid soap formulas were found to be stable. In the antibacterial test, the average diameter of the inhibition zones for S. aureus was 13.5 mm, 14.5 mm, and 26.7 mm for F1 (5%), F2 (10%), and F3 (15%) formulas, respectively. For E. coli, the inhibition zones measured 6 mm, 6.5 mm, and 8.8 mm. This study concludes that liquid soap formulated with EOs can strongly inhibit the growth of S. aureus, while it moderately inhibits the growth of E. coli.
Keywords:
Bacteria, Basil, Betel, Essential Oil, Lime
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References
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Anindita, R. A., Yolanda, H., & Inggriani, M. (2022). Skrining Fitokimia dan Uji Antibakteri Senyawa Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Jeruk Lemon (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck) Terhadap Staphylococcus aureus [Phytochemical Screening and Antibacterial Test of Ethanol Extract Compounds from Lemon Peel (Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck) Against Staphylococcus aureus]. Jurnal Bioshell, 11(2), 100-112. https://doi.org/10.56013/bio.v11i2.1644
Anindita, R., Sulvayanti, H. Y., & Inggraini, M. (2025). Antibacterial activity test of ethanol extract citrus leaf against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Biology, Medicine, & Natural Product Chemistry, 14(1), 557–565. https://doi.org/10.14421/biomedich.2025.141.557-565
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Breijyeh, Z., Jubeh, B., & Karaman, R. (2020). Resistance of gram-negative bacteria to current antibacterial agents and approaches to resolve it. Molecules, 25(6), 1340. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25061340
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Daryono, E. D., Pursitta, A. T., & Isnaini, A. (2014). Extraction Essential Oil of Basil with Solvent N-Heksane. Chemical Engineering Journal, 9(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.33005/jurnal_tekkim.v9i1.720
Dhifi, W., Bellili, S., Jazi, S., Bahloul, N., & Mnif, W. (2016). Essential oils’ chemical characterization and investigation of some biological activities: A critical review. Medicines, 3(4), 25. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicines3040025
Erliyanti, N. K., Priyanto, A. D., & Pujiastuti, C. (2020). Karakteristik densitas dan indeks bias minyak atsiri daun jambu kristal (Psidium Guajava) menggunakan metode microwave hydrodistillation dengan variabel daya dan rasio bahan: Pelarut [Density and refractive index characteristics of crystal guava leaf essential oil (Psidium Guajava) using microwave hydrodistillation method with variable power and material: solvent ratio]. Jurnal Rekayasa Mesin, 11(2), 247-255. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jrm.2020.011.02
Ezeorba, T. P. C., Chukwuma, I. F., Asomadu, R. O., Ezeorba, W. F. C., & Uchendu, N. O. (2024). Health and therapeutic potentials of Ocimum essential oils: a review on isolation, phytochemistry, biological activities, and future directions. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 36(3), 271-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2024.2338117
Gach, M. W., Lazarus, G., Simadibrata, D. M., Sinto, R., Saharman, Y. R., Limato, R., ... & Hamers, R. L. (2024). Antimicrobial resistance among common bacterial pathogens in Indonesia: a systematic review. The Lancet Regional Health-Southeast Asia, 26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lansea.2024.100414
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Guo, F., Liang, Q., Zhang, M., Chen, W., Chen, H., Yun, Y., ... & Chen, W. (2021). Antibacterial activity and mechanism of linalool against Shewanella putrefaciens. Molecules, 26(1), 245. https://doi.org/10.3390/MOLECULES26010245
Galovičová, L., Borotová, P., Vukovic, N. L., Vukic, M., Kunová, S., Hanus, P., ... & Kačániová, M. (2022). The potential use of Citrus aurantifolia L. essential oils for decay control, quality preservation of agricultural products, and anti-insect activity. Agronomy, 12(3), 735. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030735
Han, Y., Sun, Z., & Chen, W. (2020). Antimicrobial susceptibility and antibacterial mechanism of limonene against Listeria monocytogenes. Molecules, 25(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010033
Jain, S., Arora, P., & Popli, H. (2020). A comprehensive review on Citrus aurantifolia essential oil: its phytochemistry and pharmacological aspects. Brazilian Journal of Natural Sciences, 3(2), 354-354. https://doi.org/10.31415/bjns.v3i2.101
Latifah, F., Taufiq, H., & Fitriyana, N. M. (2023). Uji antioksidan dan karakterisasi minyak atsiri dari kulit jeruk purut (Citrus hystrix D. C) [Antioxidant Test and Characterization of Essential Oil from Kaffir Lime Peel (Citrus hystrix D. C)]. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 1(47), 46-62. https://doi.org/10.20961/jpscr.v8i1.67396
Lemes, R. S., Alves, C. C., Estevam, E. B., Santiago, M. B., Martins, C. H., SANTOS, T. C. D., ... & Miranda, M. L. (2018). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from Citrus aurantifolia leaves and fruit peel against oral pathogenic bacteria. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 90(02), 1285-1292. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201820170847
Liu, Y., Zhu, M., Fu, X., Cai, J., Chen, S., Lin, Y., ... & Lin, Z. (2021). Escherichia coli causing neonatal meningitis during 2001–2020: a study in eastern China. International journal of general medicine, 3007-3016. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S317299
Meira, N. V. B., Holley, R. A., Bordin, K., Macedo, R. E. F. de, & Luciano, F. B. (2017). Combination of essential oil compounds and phenolic acids against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in vitro and dry-fermented sausage production. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 260, 59–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.08.010
Meizalin, A. A., & Paramita, V. (2021). Quality analysis of liquid soap formulation made from virgin coconut oil with addition of white tea extract. Journal of Vocational Studies on Applied Research, 3(2), 47-51. https://doi.org/10.14710/jvsar.v3i2.12651
Nair, A., Mallya, R., Suvarna, V., Khan, T. A., Momin, M., & Omri, A. (2022). Nanoparticles—Attractive carriers of antimicrobial essential oils. Antibiotics, 11(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11010108
Nurjanah, S., Sulistiani, I., Widyasanti, A., & Zain, S. (2016). Kajian ekstraksi minyak atsiri bunga melati (Jasminum sambac) dengan metode enfleurasi [Study of jasmine flower (Jasminum sambac) essential oil extraction using the enfleurage method]. Indonesian Journal of Essential Oil, 1(1), 12-20. http://ijeo.ub.ac.id/
Oliveira, G. D. S., McManus, C., Sousa, H. A. D. F., Santos, P. H. G. D. S., & Dos Santos, V. M. (2024). A mini-review of the main effects of essential oils from Citrus aurantifolia, Ocimum basilicum, and Allium sativum as safe antimicrobial activity in poultry. Animals, 14(3), 382. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14030382
Pavoni, L., Perinelli, D. R., Bonacucina, G., Cespi, M., & Palmieri, G. F. (2020). An overview of micro-and nanoemulsions as vehicles for essential oils: Formulation, preparation and stability. Nanomaterials, 10(1), 135. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010135
Pérez-Garza, J., García, S., & Heredia, N. (2017). Removal of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis after hand washing with antimicrobial and nonantimicrobial soap and persistence of these bacteria in rinsates. Journal of Food Protection, 80(10), 1670-1675. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-17-088
Perwitasari, M., Anindita, R., Beandrade, M. U., Nathalia, D. D., Hasmar, W. N., & Putri, I. K. (2023). Anti-Bacterial Activity of Etanolic Extract and Essential Oil of Basil (Ocimum sanctum) on Growth Staphylococcus aureus Salmonella thypii and Eschericia coli. Jurnal Ilmu Dasar, 24(2), 143-150. https://doi.org/10.19184/jid.v24i2.31367
Phensri, P., Thummasema, K., Sukatta, U., Morand, S., & Pruksakorn, C. (2022). In vitro antimicrobial activity of Piper betle leaf extract and some topical agents against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus strains from canine pyoderma. Animals, 12(22), 3203. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12223203
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Beandrade, M., Anindita, R., & Putri, I. (2026). Test of Combination of Essential Oils of Betel Leaf, Basil, and Lime as Active Ingredients of Liquid Soap. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 9(1), 106-116. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2026.v09i01.008
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