Impact of Limnological Variables on Waterbird Assemblage in a Tropical Lentic Ecosystem of Southern West Bengal, India
Abstract
Birds are well-known bio-indicators, because of their high sensitivity to even slight changes in their surroundings. Therefore, documentation of waterbird assemblage in a water body can be a part of wetland monitoring from a sustainability perspective. The present study was carried out in Hansadanga beel (an ox-bow lake of Gangetic alluvial plain) of southern West Bengal (India) from January 2023 to December 2023 to assess the impact of limnological variables on waterbird assemblage. 35 different waterbird species from 11 families were identified from the study area, out of which 16 species (45.71%) were winter-migrants, 15 species (42.86%) were resident and 4 species (11.43%) were local-migrants. Ardeidae was the dominant family with highest Relative Diversity Index (RDi=20) followed by Anatidae (RDi=17.14). The maximum values of different diversity indices were observed in post-monsoon months due to the assemblage of winter-migrants and its lower values were recorded from summer months. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that among the eight limnological variables, pH, total alkalinity, and nutrient levels best explained the variance in waterbird assemblages. Even though the study area has been impacted by a number of anthropogenic activities, it is still preferred by a variety of waterbird species, including winter-migrants. Hence, regular monitoring of avifauna and the environmental health by local or state authorities, through integrated management programs, will be beneficial for sustaining habitat growth.
Keywords:
Diversity Indices, Hansadanga Beel, Limnological Variables, Southern West Bengal, Waterbird
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References
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American Public Health Association (APHA). (1998). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. (20th edition) American Public Health Association, Washington. www.standardmethods.org/doi/book/10.2105/smww.2882
Aynalem, S., & Bekele, A. (2009). Species composition, relative abundance And Habitat Association Of The Bird Fauna of The Montane Forest of Zegie Peninsula and Nearby Islands, Lake Tana, Ethiopia. SINET: Ethiop. J. Sci., 32(1):45–56. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sinet/article/view/68731/56803
Balapure, S.,Dutta, S., & Vyas, V. (2013). Physico-chemical factors affecting the distribution of wetland birds of Barna Reservoir in Narmada Basin, Central India. Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation Research. ©Global Science Research Journals, 1(1), 028-036. https://www.globalscienceresearchjournals.org/articles/physicochemical-factors-affecting-the-distribution-of-wetland-birds-of-barna-reservoir-in-narmada-basin-central-india.pdf
Bird life International. IUCN Red List for Birds. 2015. https://www.birdlife.org/ Accessed on 06 June, 2016.
Biswasroy, M., Samal, N.R., Roy, P. K., & Mazumdar, A. (2010). Watershed Management with Special Emphasis on Fresh Water Wetland: A Case Study of a Flood Plain Wetland in West Bengal, India. Global NEST Journal, 13(1), 01-10. https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.000660
Boyd, C. E. (1971). Phosphorus dynamics in ponds. Proc. Annual Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game and fish Comm. 25: 418-426. https://seafwa.org/sites/default/files/journal-articles/BOYD-418.pdf
Boyd, C.E. (2019). Water quality: an introduction. Springer Nature, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23335-8
Boyd, C.E. (2020). Microorganisms and Water Quality. In: Water Quality. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23335-8_12
Chakraborty, A., Barman, H., Saha, G. K., & Aditya, G. (2021b). Waterbird assemblage in an emerging wetland of West Bengal, India: characterization for conservation management. Or¬nis Hungarica, 29(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2021-0001
Chakraborty, P. (2022). Analysis of Different Limnological Parameters and Cultural Eutrophication of Kalyani Lake, West Bengal, Nadia. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM). 4(9): 161-172. https://ijaem.net/issue_dcp/Analysis%20of%20Different%20Limnological%20Parameters%20and%20Cultural%20Eutrophication%20of%20Kalyani%20Lake,%20West%20Bengal,%20Nadia.pdf
Chakraborty, T., Chaterjee, A., & Saha, N. (2021a). Seasonal Fluctuations in Physicochemical Parameters of Water in Relation to Fish Diversity in Muragacha Beel, West Bengal India. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications, 14(2), 768-774.https://bbrc.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/BBRC_Vol_14_No_02_2021-50.pdf
Chakraborty, T., Saha, N. C., & Chakrabarti, S. (2024). Interrelationship between limnological parameters of a floodplain lake in Dwarkeshwar river basin and their impact on fish biodiversity. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 12(2), 60-69. https://doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2024.v12.i2a.9298
Chennakrishnan, C., Stephen, A., Manju, T., & Raveen, R. (2008). Water quality status of three vulnerable freshwater lakes of Suburban Chennai, India. Ind. J. Environ. Ecoplan, 15(3), 591-596.
Chowdhury, S. (2023). Diversity, Composition and abundance of avian species of oxbow lake and surrounding area in Purbasthali, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review, 30, 306-320. https://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2023.v30.028
Das, A.K. (2000). Energy Dynamics in the beels of West Bengal. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. India. 70B (II): 139-146.
Das, B.C., & Das, S. (2015). The Role of Beels in Flood Mitigation- A Case Study of Krishnanagar- II Block in Nadia District, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Innovative Research & Development, 4(4), 397-401. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34131.04640
Das, S. (2011). A study on the limnology of jungle beel (an ox-bow lake) of nadia district, W.B. with special reference to the environment of the mud eel Monopteruscuchia(Hamilton). Ph.D thesis, Netaji Subhas Open University, West Bengal, India.
Das, S. K., & Chakrabarty, D. (2007). Limnological survey of three tropical water reservoirs in Eastern India. Acta botánica malacitana, (32), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.24310/abm.v32i0.7016
Das, S.K. & Chakrabarty, D. (2008). The evaluation of ecological degradation in two tropical lakes of India in respect of fin fish community structure. Proceedings of Taal 2007. The12th World Lake Conference: 2023-2030.
Datta, T. (2011). Human interference and avifaunal diversity of two wetlands of Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 3(12), 2253–2262. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o2739.2253-62
Debnath, S., & Panigrahi, A.K. (2018). Impact of avifaunal aggregation on physico-chemical parameters of water of a floodplain wetland of West Bengal, India. Biodiversity Conservation: Strategies and Applications. South Eastern Book Agencies. ISBN- 978-81-937-3274-8.
Debnath, S., Biswas, S., & Panigrahi, A. K. (2018). Present status and diversity of avian fauna in Purbasthali bird sanctuary, West Bengal, India. Agriculture Science Digest, 38(2), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.D-4711
Debnath, S., Ghosh, P., Biswas, S., & Panigrahi, A. K. (2021). Seasonal variations of zooplankton diversity in a tropical floodplain wetland. The Journal of Oriental Research Madras, 68-79.
Derso, S., Beyene, A., Getachew, M., & Ambelu, A. (2015). Assessment of ecological quality of hot springs in the Eastern Amhara Region. Environmental Systems Research, 4(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-015-0044-z
District Environment Plan 2024-25 for Nadia District: West Bengal. (https://www.scribd.com/document/698800032/2023122941-1)
FU, M., Wang, J., Hou, C., Li, J., Bai, J., & Zhang, Y. (2025). Waterbird diversity and its influencing factors in various types of coastal wetlands in the Bohai Rim region. Global Ecology and Conservation, 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03421
Ganesan, L., & Khan, R. A. (2007). Studies on the ecology of zooplankton in a floodplain wetland of West Bengal, India. Proceedings of Taal, 67-73.
Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C., Inskipp, T., & Byers, C. (1999). Pocket guide to the birds of the Indian subcontinent. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India.
Haileselasie, T. H. (2023). Limnological factors that affect waterbird assemblages in semi-arid reservoirs of Tigray National Regional State, Northern Ethiopia. Heliyon, 9(6) e17110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17110
Hazra, P., Sinha, A., Mondal, P., & Khan, T. N. (2012). Calendar-effects and temperature-impacts in migratory waterbirds at three tropical Indian wetlands. Acta Oecologica. 43, 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2012.05.009
IUCN. (2025). The IUCN Red list of Threatened Species. Version 2024-2. ISSN 2307-8235. http://www.iucnredlist.org
Kaur, T., & Sinha, A. K. (2019). Pesticides in agricultural runoffs affecting water resources: A study of Punjab (India). Agricultural Sciences [Internet]., 10(10), 1381–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2019.1010101
Khan, M. M. H. (2005). Species diversity, relative abundance and habitat use of the birds in the Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh. Forktail, 21(2005), 79-86. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c1a9e03f407b482a158da87/t/5c1ffbbb6d2a734eed095616/1545599931941/Khan-Sundarbans.pdf
Koli, V. K. (2014). Diversity and status of avifauna in Todgarh-Raoli wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 7(4), 401-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.10.005
Lee, G. F. (1973). Role of phosphorus in eutrophication and diffuse source control. Water Research, 7(1–2), 111-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(73)90156-5
Lone, S. A., Bhat, S. U., Hamid, A., Bhat, F. A., & Kumar, A. (2021). Quality assessment of springs for drinking water in the Himalaya of South Kashmir, India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(2), 2279-2300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10513-9
Maheswaran, G., & Rahmani, A. R. (2001). Effects of water level changes and wading bird abundance on the foraging behavior of blacknecked stork, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus in Dudwa National Park, India. Journal Bioscience. 26, 373-382. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02703747
Mcparland, C. E., & Paszkowski, C. A. (2007). Waterbird assemblages in the Aspen Parkland of western Canada: the influence of fishes, invertebrates, and the environment on species composition. Ornithological Science, 6(2), 53-65. https://doi.org/10.2326/1347-0558(2007)6[53:WAITAP]2.0.CO;2
Muralikrishnan, S., Nagendran, N. A., Pandiaraja, D., Nair, A., & Kubendran, T. (2017). Avifaunal Diversity and Water Quality Analysis of an Inland Pond, Kondagai Village, Sivaganga District, South India. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 6(7), 4437-4452. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.607.463
Panigrahi, A. K., Debnath, S., & Bakshi, A. (2014). Studies on Water Quality With Special Reference to Limnological Characteristics of Kalyani Lake, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Scientific Research, 3(2), 30-32. https://doi.org/10.15373/22778179/FEB2014/9
Patra, A., Santra, K. B., & Manna, C. K. (2010). Limnological studies related to physico-chemical characteristics of water of Santragachi and Joypur Jheel, WB, India. Our nature, 8(1), 185-203. https://doi.org/10.3126/on.v8i1.4328
Rout, S. K., Pradhan, S., Trivedi, R. K., & Das, B. K. (2003). Impact assessment of the surroundings on water quality of Kulia beel. Environ. and Ecol. 21(spl. Pub.), 54-58. https://eurekamag.com/research/004/193/004193870.php?srsltid=AfmBOopOysVT8EZO_nXcBqobV16Dhe5TK11WFaH932o_vGaGkCHaVlxB
Sangha, H. S. (2021). Waders of the Indian Subcontinent. Jaipur Printers Pvt. Ltd., Jaipur. ISBN 978-93-5426-696-6. pp. XVI+520.
Singh, A., & Laura, J. S. (2013). Avifauna Species Diversity and their Abundance in Tilyar Lake, Rohtak, Haryana (India). Bulletin of Environment. Pharmacol. Life Sci, 3(1), 180-185. https://bepls.com/dec2013/31.pdf
Sutherland, W. J., Newton, I., & Green, R. (2004). Bird ecology and conservation: a handbook of techniques (No. 1). Oxford university press. https://mariomairal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Sutherland-W.-J.-al.-Eds-2004-Techniques-in-Ecology-and-Conservation-Bird-Ecology-and-Conservation-A-Handbook-o.pdf
Thapa, J. B., & Saund, T. B. (2012). Water quality parameters and bird diversity in jagdishpur reservoir, Nepal. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 13(1), 143-155. https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i1.7453
Torre-Cuadros, M. D. L. Á., Herrando-Pérez, S., & Young, K. R. (2007). Diversity and structural patterns for tropical montane and premontane forests of central Peru, with an assessment of the use of higher-taxon surrogacy. Biodiversity and Conservation, 16(10), 2965-2988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9155-9
Urfi, A. J., Sen, M., Kalam, A., & Meganathan, T. (2005). Counting birds in India: Methodologies and trends. Current Science, 89(12), 1997-2003.
Zedler, J. B., & Kercher, S. (2005). Wetland resources: status, trends, ecosystem services, and restorability. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 30(1), 39-74. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144248
Ali, S., & Ripley, S. D. (1987). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Oxford University Press. New Delhi.
American Public Health Association (APHA). (1998). Standard methods for examination of water and wastewater. (20th edition) American Public Health Association, Washington. www.standardmethods.org/doi/book/10.2105/smww.2882
Aynalem, S., & Bekele, A. (2009). Species composition, relative abundance And Habitat Association Of The Bird Fauna of The Montane Forest of Zegie Peninsula and Nearby Islands, Lake Tana, Ethiopia. SINET: Ethiop. J. Sci., 32(1):45–56. https://www.ajol.info/index.php/sinet/article/view/68731/56803
Balapure, S.,Dutta, S., & Vyas, V. (2013). Physico-chemical factors affecting the distribution of wetland birds of Barna Reservoir in Narmada Basin, Central India. Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation Research. ©Global Science Research Journals, 1(1), 028-036. https://www.globalscienceresearchjournals.org/articles/physicochemical-factors-affecting-the-distribution-of-wetland-birds-of-barna-reservoir-in-narmada-basin-central-india.pdf
Bird life International. IUCN Red List for Birds. 2015. https://www.birdlife.org/ Accessed on 06 June, 2016.
Biswasroy, M., Samal, N.R., Roy, P. K., & Mazumdar, A. (2010). Watershed Management with Special Emphasis on Fresh Water Wetland: A Case Study of a Flood Plain Wetland in West Bengal, India. Global NEST Journal, 13(1), 01-10. https://doi.org/10.30955/gnj.000660
Boyd, C. E. (1971). Phosphorus dynamics in ponds. Proc. Annual Conf. Southeast. Assoc. Game and fish Comm. 25: 418-426. https://seafwa.org/sites/default/files/journal-articles/BOYD-418.pdf
Boyd, C.E. (2019). Water quality: an introduction. Springer Nature, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23335-8
Boyd, C.E. (2020). Microorganisms and Water Quality. In: Water Quality. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23335-8_12
Chakraborty, A., Barman, H., Saha, G. K., & Aditya, G. (2021b). Waterbird assemblage in an emerging wetland of West Bengal, India: characterization for conservation management. Or¬nis Hungarica, 29(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.2478/orhu-2021-0001
Chakraborty, P. (2022). Analysis of Different Limnological Parameters and Cultural Eutrophication of Kalyani Lake, West Bengal, Nadia. International Journal of Advances in Engineering and Management (IJAEM). 4(9): 161-172. https://ijaem.net/issue_dcp/Analysis%20of%20Different%20Limnological%20Parameters%20and%20Cultural%20Eutrophication%20of%20Kalyani%20Lake,%20West%20Bengal,%20Nadia.pdf
Chakraborty, T., Chaterjee, A., & Saha, N. (2021a). Seasonal Fluctuations in Physicochemical Parameters of Water in Relation to Fish Diversity in Muragacha Beel, West Bengal India. Bioscience Biotechnology Research Communications, 14(2), 768-774.https://bbrc.in/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/BBRC_Vol_14_No_02_2021-50.pdf
Chakraborty, T., Saha, N. C., & Chakrabarti, S. (2024). Interrelationship between limnological parameters of a floodplain lake in Dwarkeshwar river basin and their impact on fish biodiversity. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 12(2), 60-69. https://doi.org/10.22271/j.ento.2024.v12.i2a.9298
Chennakrishnan, C., Stephen, A., Manju, T., & Raveen, R. (2008). Water quality status of three vulnerable freshwater lakes of Suburban Chennai, India. Ind. J. Environ. Ecoplan, 15(3), 591-596.
Chowdhury, S. (2023). Diversity, Composition and abundance of avian species of oxbow lake and surrounding area in Purbasthali, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Experimental Research and Review, 30, 306-320. https://doi.org/10.52756/ijerr.2023.v30.028
Das, A.K. (2000). Energy Dynamics in the beels of West Bengal. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. India. 70B (II): 139-146.
Das, B.C., & Das, S. (2015). The Role of Beels in Flood Mitigation- A Case Study of Krishnanagar- II Block in Nadia District, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Innovative Research & Development, 4(4), 397-401. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.34131.04640
Das, S. (2011). A study on the limnology of jungle beel (an ox-bow lake) of nadia district, W.B. with special reference to the environment of the mud eel Monopteruscuchia(Hamilton). Ph.D thesis, Netaji Subhas Open University, West Bengal, India.
Das, S. K., & Chakrabarty, D. (2007). Limnological survey of three tropical water reservoirs in Eastern India. Acta botánica malacitana, (32), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.24310/abm.v32i0.7016
Das, S.K. & Chakrabarty, D. (2008). The evaluation of ecological degradation in two tropical lakes of India in respect of fin fish community structure. Proceedings of Taal 2007. The12th World Lake Conference: 2023-2030.
Datta, T. (2011). Human interference and avifaunal diversity of two wetlands of Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India. Journal of Threatened Taxa, 3(12), 2253–2262. https://doi.org/10.11609/JoTT.o2739.2253-62
Debnath, S., & Panigrahi, A.K. (2018). Impact of avifaunal aggregation on physico-chemical parameters of water of a floodplain wetland of West Bengal, India. Biodiversity Conservation: Strategies and Applications. South Eastern Book Agencies. ISBN- 978-81-937-3274-8.
Debnath, S., Biswas, S., & Panigrahi, A. K. (2018). Present status and diversity of avian fauna in Purbasthali bird sanctuary, West Bengal, India. Agriculture Science Digest, 38(2), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.18805/ag.D-4711
Debnath, S., Ghosh, P., Biswas, S., & Panigrahi, A. K. (2021). Seasonal variations of zooplankton diversity in a tropical floodplain wetland. The Journal of Oriental Research Madras, 68-79.
Derso, S., Beyene, A., Getachew, M., & Ambelu, A. (2015). Assessment of ecological quality of hot springs in the Eastern Amhara Region. Environmental Systems Research, 4(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40068-015-0044-z
District Environment Plan 2024-25 for Nadia District: West Bengal. (https://www.scribd.com/document/698800032/2023122941-1)
FU, M., Wang, J., Hou, C., Li, J., Bai, J., & Zhang, Y. (2025). Waterbird diversity and its influencing factors in various types of coastal wetlands in the Bohai Rim region. Global Ecology and Conservation, 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03421
Ganesan, L., & Khan, R. A. (2007). Studies on the ecology of zooplankton in a floodplain wetland of West Bengal, India. Proceedings of Taal, 67-73.
Grimmett, R., Inskipp, C., Inskipp, T., & Byers, C. (1999). Pocket guide to the birds of the Indian subcontinent. Oxford University Press, New Delhi, India.
Haileselasie, T. H. (2023). Limnological factors that affect waterbird assemblages in semi-arid reservoirs of Tigray National Regional State, Northern Ethiopia. Heliyon, 9(6) e17110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17110
Hazra, P., Sinha, A., Mondal, P., & Khan, T. N. (2012). Calendar-effects and temperature-impacts in migratory waterbirds at three tropical Indian wetlands. Acta Oecologica. 43, 60–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2012.05.009
IUCN. (2025). The IUCN Red list of Threatened Species. Version 2024-2. ISSN 2307-8235. http://www.iucnredlist.org
Kaur, T., & Sinha, A. K. (2019). Pesticides in agricultural runoffs affecting water resources: A study of Punjab (India). Agricultural Sciences [Internet]., 10(10), 1381–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/as.2019.1010101
Khan, M. M. H. (2005). Species diversity, relative abundance and habitat use of the birds in the Sundarbans East Wildlife Sanctuary, Bangladesh. Forktail, 21(2005), 79-86. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c1a9e03f407b482a158da87/t/5c1ffbbb6d2a734eed095616/1545599931941/Khan-Sundarbans.pdf
Koli, V. K. (2014). Diversity and status of avifauna in Todgarh-Raoli wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity, 7(4), 401-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.japb.2014.10.005
Lee, G. F. (1973). Role of phosphorus in eutrophication and diffuse source control. Water Research, 7(1–2), 111-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(73)90156-5
Lone, S. A., Bhat, S. U., Hamid, A., Bhat, F. A., & Kumar, A. (2021). Quality assessment of springs for drinking water in the Himalaya of South Kashmir, India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(2), 2279-2300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10513-9
Maheswaran, G., & Rahmani, A. R. (2001). Effects of water level changes and wading bird abundance on the foraging behavior of blacknecked stork, Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus in Dudwa National Park, India. Journal Bioscience. 26, 373-382. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02703747
Mcparland, C. E., & Paszkowski, C. A. (2007). Waterbird assemblages in the Aspen Parkland of western Canada: the influence of fishes, invertebrates, and the environment on species composition. Ornithological Science, 6(2), 53-65. https://doi.org/10.2326/1347-0558(2007)6[53:WAITAP]2.0.CO;2
Muralikrishnan, S., Nagendran, N. A., Pandiaraja, D., Nair, A., & Kubendran, T. (2017). Avifaunal Diversity and Water Quality Analysis of an Inland Pond, Kondagai Village, Sivaganga District, South India. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 6(7), 4437-4452. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.607.463
Panigrahi, A. K., Debnath, S., & Bakshi, A. (2014). Studies on Water Quality With Special Reference to Limnological Characteristics of Kalyani Lake, West Bengal, India. International Journal of Scientific Research, 3(2), 30-32. https://doi.org/10.15373/22778179/FEB2014/9
Patra, A., Santra, K. B., & Manna, C. K. (2010). Limnological studies related to physico-chemical characteristics of water of Santragachi and Joypur Jheel, WB, India. Our nature, 8(1), 185-203. https://doi.org/10.3126/on.v8i1.4328
Rout, S. K., Pradhan, S., Trivedi, R. K., & Das, B. K. (2003). Impact assessment of the surroundings on water quality of Kulia beel. Environ. and Ecol. 21(spl. Pub.), 54-58. https://eurekamag.com/research/004/193/004193870.php?srsltid=AfmBOopOysVT8EZO_nXcBqobV16Dhe5TK11WFaH932o_vGaGkCHaVlxB
Sangha, H. S. (2021). Waders of the Indian Subcontinent. Jaipur Printers Pvt. Ltd., Jaipur. ISBN 978-93-5426-696-6. pp. XVI+520.
Singh, A., & Laura, J. S. (2013). Avifauna Species Diversity and their Abundance in Tilyar Lake, Rohtak, Haryana (India). Bulletin of Environment. Pharmacol. Life Sci, 3(1), 180-185. https://bepls.com/dec2013/31.pdf
Sutherland, W. J., Newton, I., & Green, R. (2004). Bird ecology and conservation: a handbook of techniques (No. 1). Oxford university press. https://mariomairal.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Sutherland-W.-J.-al.-Eds-2004-Techniques-in-Ecology-and-Conservation-Bird-Ecology-and-Conservation-A-Handbook-o.pdf
Thapa, J. B., & Saund, T. B. (2012). Water quality parameters and bird diversity in jagdishpur reservoir, Nepal. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 13(1), 143-155. https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i1.7453
Torre-Cuadros, M. D. L. Á., Herrando-Pérez, S., & Young, K. R. (2007). Diversity and structural patterns for tropical montane and premontane forests of central Peru, with an assessment of the use of higher-taxon surrogacy. Biodiversity and Conservation, 16(10), 2965-2988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-007-9155-9
Urfi, A. J., Sen, M., Kalam, A., & Meganathan, T. (2005). Counting birds in India: Methodologies and trends. Current Science, 89(12), 1997-2003.
Zedler, J. B., & Kercher, S. (2005). Wetland resources: status, trends, ecosystem services, and restorability. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour., 30(1), 39-74. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144248
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Debnath, S. (2026). Impact of Limnological Variables on Waterbird Assemblage in a Tropical Lentic Ecosystem of Southern West Bengal, India. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 9(1), 238-248. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2026.v09i01.017
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