Assessment of Disease Severity of Mulberry (Morus alba L.) var.S1 Concerning Soil Physiochemical Properties Under Three Districts of West Bengal India
Abstract
A study was conducted on the effect of soil health and its consequences on disease severity in popular S1 mulberry variety (Morus alba L.) under three districts Birbhum, Malda, and Murshidabad, West Bengal where sericulture is being practiced since last few decades. The physiochemical properties, like soil pH, EC, OC, and NPK content were measured under the said districts. The soil pH of mulberry fields in Birbhum (72%) were found <6.5, in Malda (84%) within 6.5-7.5, and in Murshidabad (68%) within 6.5-7.5. The soil electrical conductivity (EC) was found to be 0.5 under 88% area in Malda and Murshidabad and 84% area in Birbhum districts, respectively. The soil organic carbon (OC) was found 5 g/kg in Murshidabad and Birbhum districts under 84% and 82% area, respectively. The soil nitrogen was recorded 44 - 445 kg/Ha in Murshidabad under 60% area, whereas in Malda, it varied between 32- 493 kg/Ha under 64% area. The soil phosphorus was recorded 2-204 kg/Ha in Murshidabad under 16% area, whereas in Malda, it varied between 11-81 kg/Ha under 24% area. The soil potassium was recorded 52-985 kg/Ha in Murshidabad under 14% area, whereas in Malda, it varied between 105-832 kg/Ha under 13% area. The soil NPK of Birbhum district was found to be very poor. The highest PDI was recorded in Birbhum of bacterial leaf spot (avg. 11.82%), in Malda, Myrothecium leaf spot (avg. 5.56%) and in Murshidabad, bacterial leaf spot (avg. 8.94%) among all the five diseases studied. Comparatively mulberry leaf rust disease shown less sensitivity with all soil edaphic factors.
Keywords:
Disease Severity, Mulberry, Percent Disease Index, Soil Edaphic Factors
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References
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Bose, P. C., Kar, R., & Bajpai, A. K. (2010). Soil test based sulphur fertilization for targeted yields of mulberry. Journal of Crop and Weed, 6(1), 22-24. https://cwss.in/Journal/Complete_jurnal/Vol6_1__5.pdf
Christine, A. A., Kibet, J. K., Kiprop, A. K., & Were, M. L. (2018). The assessment of bore-hole water quality of Kakamega County, Kenya. Applied Water Science, 8(1), 47. https://doi.ovrg/10.1007/s13201-018-0688-8
Fan, W., Kong, Q., Chen, Y., Lu, F., Wang, S., & Zhao, A. (2024). Safe utilization and remediation potential of the mulberry-silkworm system in heavy metal-contaminated lands: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 927, 172352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172352
Gurav, P. P., Ray, S. K., Choudhari, P. L., Biswas, A. K., & Shirale, A. O. (2018). A review on soil potassium scenario in vertisols of India. Open Access Journal of Science, 2(1), 89-90. https://doi.org/10.15406/oajs.2018.02.00051
Hillel, D. (1980). Fundamentals of soil physics. Academic press. New York,.
Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil chemical analysis, pentice hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, 498, 151-154.
Jaishankar, J., & Dandin, S. B. (2005). Studies on soil fertility status in relation to pattern of application of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers in irrigated mulberry gardens of Kolar District, Karnataka. Indian Journal of Sericulture,44(1), 40-44. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20063135522
Jiang, Y., Yang, X., Jiang, S., Tientega, A., Cao, H., Li, Z., ... & Long, T. (2025). Nitrogenous fertilizers affect Cd accumulation in the soil-mulberry-silkworm system: implications for safe utilization of contaminated farmland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197(10), 1108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-14588-0
Kar R., Vrajan, V., Ghosh M. K., Dutta, S. K., & Trivedy, K. (2018). Prediction of nitrogen availability based on soil organic carbon in commercial mulberry vegetation of Eastern India. Journal of Soil Science Environment Management, 9(3), 30-34. https://doi.org/10.5897/JSSEM2017.0650
Kar, R., Bose, P. C., Majunder, S. K., Dutta, R. N., & Bajpai, A. K. (2011). Characterization of soil acidity under the mulberry (Morus sp.) vegetation of Eastern India. Journal of Interacademicia, 15(1), 38-43. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20113172311
Lal, R. (2004). Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science, 304(5677), 1623-1627. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097396
Minamizawa, K. (1997). Moriculture: Science of mulberry cultivation, 2nd edition, xi + 431 pp. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Nagaveni, V., Shree, M. P., & Shivashankara, B. R. (2001). Comparative study of soil fertility status in mulberry gardens of Mandya, Tumkur and Kolar districts of Karnataka. Nutritional Management and Quality Improvement in Sericulture. Proc. Natl. Sem. Mulb. Seri. Res. India, 175-178.
Naidu, B. V., Sobhana, V., Sudhakar, P., Sen, S., Obulapathi, N., Sneha, M. V., & Tiwari, P. (2019). Soil nutrient status of mulberry gardens in varied clusters of Andhra Pradesh. Emergent Life Sciences Research, 5, 43-51. https://doi.org/10.31783/elsr.2019.524351
Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Watanabe, F. S., & Dean, L. A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circular No. 939, 1-19. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1117235
Prasanna, C. L., Naveen, D. V., Veeranagappa, P., Naika, R., Srinivasan, R., & Venkatachalapathi, V. (2025). Mulberry leaf quality influenced by surface, subsurface manuring and fertilizer application in irrigated conditions of Karnataka. International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research, 9(8), 262-267. https://www.doi.org/10.33545/26174693.2025.v9.i8Se.5144
Prasenjit, R., Gogoi, S. N., Bandyopadhyay, S., Padua, S., Jena, R. K., Roy, P. D., Ramachandran, S., Sharma, G. K., Sah, K. D., Trivedy, K., Singh, S. K., & Ray, S. K. (2018). Fertility status of mulberry (Morus indica L.) growing soils of upper Brahmaputra valley region of North Eastern India. Range Management & Agroforestry, 39(2), 147-155. https://publications.rmsi.in/index.php/rma/article/view/116
Ram, R. L., & Maji, C. (2018). A Comprehensive Review on Mulberry Sericulture in Kalimpong Hills. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(8), 4850-4860. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.708.511
Ray, P., Gogoi, S. N., Bandyopadhyay, S., Jena, R. K., Ramachandran, S., Sharma, G. K., ... & Ray, S. K. (2021). Soil-cum-nutrient management package for achieving high yield and quality of mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaf in acid soil of North Eastern India. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 44(17), 2501-2513. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2021.1921196
Samanta, A.B., Chatterjee, A., Mete, P.K., & Mandal, B. (2002). Status of Total and Available Iron and Zinc in Soils of West Bengal under Continuous Cultivation of Mulberry. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 50, 35-42. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Status-of-Total-and-Available-Iron-and-Zinc-in-of-Samanta-Chatterjee/3608955e97881fdfcb970e3894206d357852105d
Sengupta, M., Biswas, S., & Saha, S. (2024). Assessment of Socio-Personal and Management Factors Affecting Farmer’s Income from Sericulture in West Bengal, India. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 7(1), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2024.v07i01.004
Shankar, M. A. (1997). Handbook of mulberry nutrition. Department of Sericulture, UAS, Bangalore, and Multiplex, Karnataka Agrochemicals. https://www.biochemjournal.com/archives/2025/vol9issue8/PartK/9-8-69-173.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Shinde, K. S., Avhad, S. B., Jamdar, S. V., & Hiware, C. J. (2012). Impact of spacing, fertilizer on the productivity of mulberry (Morus alba L.) V1 variety. Life Science Bulletin, 9(2), 276-280. https://connectjournals.com/file_full_text/1783902H_275-279.pdf
Subbiah, B. V., & Asija, G. L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the estimation of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science, 25, 259-260. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2138694
Sudhakar, P., Sobhana, V., Swamy-Gowda, M. R., Kumar, J. S., & Sivaprasad, V. (2018). Soil fertility status of mulberry (Morus alba L.) soils under bivoltine sericultural areas of north, south and eastern regions of Karnataka. International Journal of Advanced Research, 6(4), 132-140. https://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/6835
Tang, Y., Cui, X., Xu, H., Peng, D., & Liang, B. (2024). Managing Residue Return Increases Soil Organic Carbon, Total Nitrogen in the Soil Aggregate, and the Grain Yield of Winter Wheat. Agronomy, 14(7), 1584. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071584
Vrajan, V., R., M. Manna, S., Banerjee, A., Pappachan, A., Manjunatha, G. R. M., Chattopadhyay, S., & V. S. (2021). Soil Nutrient Status of Mulberry (Morus species) Growing Fields in West Bengal, India. International Journal of Current Research, 13(06), 18058-18066. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.41768.06.2021
Walkley, A., & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003
Zhang, M. M., Wang, N., Hu, Y. B., & Sun, G. Y. (2018). Changes in soil physicochemical properties and soil bacterial community in mulberry (Morus alba L.)/alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) intercropping system. Microbiologyopen, 7(2), e00555. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.555
Zhang, X., Teng, Z., Zhang, H., Cai, D., Zhang, J., Meng, F., & Sun, G. (2021). Nitrogen application and intercropping change microbial community diversity and physicochemical characteristics in mulberry and alfalfa rhizosphere soil. Journal of Forestry Research, 32(5), 2121-2133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-020-01271-y
Zhu, M., Yang, Z., Wang, Z., Tsigbey, V. E., Cui, Z., Zhang, W., ... & Zhao, W. (2025). Mulberry (Morus alba L.) planting increased the abundance of soil carbon cycling functional genes by improving soil properties, and further enhanced the stability of soil carbon pool. Plant and Soil, 515, 735–751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07621-1
Banuprakash, K. G., Reddy, R. N., Pooja, L., Murthy, R. K., Raut, M., Thorat, A. K., ... & Rohitha, D. S. (2024). 2 Influence of Nanofertilizers on Growth and Yield of Mulberry and its Impact on Performance of the Silkworm, Bombyx mori L: An Overview. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 58(2), 15-33. https://old.uasbangalore.edu.in/images/2024-2nd-Issue/2.pdf
Black, C. A. (1986). Methods of soil analysis, Part I. Physical and mineralogical properties, including statistics of measurement and sampling. Part II. Chemical and microbiological properties. Agronomy series, ASA, Madison. Wis. USA. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1651287
Bose, P. C., Kar, R., & Bajpai, A. K. (2010). Soil test based sulphur fertilization for targeted yields of mulberry. Journal of Crop and Weed, 6(1), 22-24. https://cwss.in/Journal/Complete_jurnal/Vol6_1__5.pdf
Christine, A. A., Kibet, J. K., Kiprop, A. K., & Were, M. L. (2018). The assessment of bore-hole water quality of Kakamega County, Kenya. Applied Water Science, 8(1), 47. https://doi.ovrg/10.1007/s13201-018-0688-8
Fan, W., Kong, Q., Chen, Y., Lu, F., Wang, S., & Zhao, A. (2024). Safe utilization and remediation potential of the mulberry-silkworm system in heavy metal-contaminated lands: A review. Science of the Total Environment, 927, 172352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172352
Gurav, P. P., Ray, S. K., Choudhari, P. L., Biswas, A. K., & Shirale, A. O. (2018). A review on soil potassium scenario in vertisols of India. Open Access Journal of Science, 2(1), 89-90. https://doi.org/10.15406/oajs.2018.02.00051
Hillel, D. (1980). Fundamentals of soil physics. Academic press. New York,.
Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil chemical analysis, pentice hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, 498, 151-154.
Jaishankar, J., & Dandin, S. B. (2005). Studies on soil fertility status in relation to pattern of application of farmyard manure and chemical fertilizers in irrigated mulberry gardens of Kolar District, Karnataka. Indian Journal of Sericulture,44(1), 40-44. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20063135522
Jiang, Y., Yang, X., Jiang, S., Tientega, A., Cao, H., Li, Z., ... & Long, T. (2025). Nitrogenous fertilizers affect Cd accumulation in the soil-mulberry-silkworm system: implications for safe utilization of contaminated farmland. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 197(10), 1108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-025-14588-0
Kar R., Vrajan, V., Ghosh M. K., Dutta, S. K., & Trivedy, K. (2018). Prediction of nitrogen availability based on soil organic carbon in commercial mulberry vegetation of Eastern India. Journal of Soil Science Environment Management, 9(3), 30-34. https://doi.org/10.5897/JSSEM2017.0650
Kar, R., Bose, P. C., Majunder, S. K., Dutta, R. N., & Bajpai, A. K. (2011). Characterization of soil acidity under the mulberry (Morus sp.) vegetation of Eastern India. Journal of Interacademicia, 15(1), 38-43. https://www.cabidigitallibrary.org/doi/full/10.5555/20113172311
Lal, R. (2004). Soil carbon sequestration impacts on global climate change and food security. Science, 304(5677), 1623-1627. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1097396
Minamizawa, K. (1997). Moriculture: Science of mulberry cultivation, 2nd edition, xi + 431 pp. A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
Nagaveni, V., Shree, M. P., & Shivashankara, B. R. (2001). Comparative study of soil fertility status in mulberry gardens of Mandya, Tumkur and Kolar districts of Karnataka. Nutritional Management and Quality Improvement in Sericulture. Proc. Natl. Sem. Mulb. Seri. Res. India, 175-178.
Naidu, B. V., Sobhana, V., Sudhakar, P., Sen, S., Obulapathi, N., Sneha, M. V., & Tiwari, P. (2019). Soil nutrient status of mulberry gardens in varied clusters of Andhra Pradesh. Emergent Life Sciences Research, 5, 43-51. https://doi.org/10.31783/elsr.2019.524351
Olsen, S. R., Cole, C. V., Watanabe, F. S., & Dean, L. A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. USDA Circular No. 939, 1-19. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=1117235
Prasanna, C. L., Naveen, D. V., Veeranagappa, P., Naika, R., Srinivasan, R., & Venkatachalapathi, V. (2025). Mulberry leaf quality influenced by surface, subsurface manuring and fertilizer application in irrigated conditions of Karnataka. International Journal of Advanced Biochemistry Research, 9(8), 262-267. https://www.doi.org/10.33545/26174693.2025.v9.i8Se.5144
Prasenjit, R., Gogoi, S. N., Bandyopadhyay, S., Padua, S., Jena, R. K., Roy, P. D., Ramachandran, S., Sharma, G. K., Sah, K. D., Trivedy, K., Singh, S. K., & Ray, S. K. (2018). Fertility status of mulberry (Morus indica L.) growing soils of upper Brahmaputra valley region of North Eastern India. Range Management & Agroforestry, 39(2), 147-155. https://publications.rmsi.in/index.php/rma/article/view/116
Ram, R. L., & Maji, C. (2018). A Comprehensive Review on Mulberry Sericulture in Kalimpong Hills. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(8), 4850-4860. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.708.511
Ray, P., Gogoi, S. N., Bandyopadhyay, S., Jena, R. K., Ramachandran, S., Sharma, G. K., ... & Ray, S. K. (2021). Soil-cum-nutrient management package for achieving high yield and quality of mulberry (Morus indica L.) leaf in acid soil of North Eastern India. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 44(17), 2501-2513. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2021.1921196
Samanta, A.B., Chatterjee, A., Mete, P.K., & Mandal, B. (2002). Status of Total and Available Iron and Zinc in Soils of West Bengal under Continuous Cultivation of Mulberry. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 50, 35-42. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Status-of-Total-and-Available-Iron-and-Zinc-in-of-Samanta-Chatterjee/3608955e97881fdfcb970e3894206d357852105d
Sengupta, M., Biswas, S., & Saha, S. (2024). Assessment of Socio-Personal and Management Factors Affecting Farmer’s Income from Sericulture in West Bengal, India. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 7(1), 38-44. https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2024.v07i01.004
Shankar, M. A. (1997). Handbook of mulberry nutrition. Department of Sericulture, UAS, Bangalore, and Multiplex, Karnataka Agrochemicals. https://www.biochemjournal.com/archives/2025/vol9issue8/PartK/9-8-69-173.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Shinde, K. S., Avhad, S. B., Jamdar, S. V., & Hiware, C. J. (2012). Impact of spacing, fertilizer on the productivity of mulberry (Morus alba L.) V1 variety. Life Science Bulletin, 9(2), 276-280. https://connectjournals.com/file_full_text/1783902H_275-279.pdf
Subbiah, B. V., & Asija, G. L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the estimation of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science, 25, 259-260. https://www.scirp.org/reference/referencespapers?referenceid=2138694
Sudhakar, P., Sobhana, V., Swamy-Gowda, M. R., Kumar, J. S., & Sivaprasad, V. (2018). Soil fertility status of mulberry (Morus alba L.) soils under bivoltine sericultural areas of north, south and eastern regions of Karnataka. International Journal of Advanced Research, 6(4), 132-140. https://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/6835
Tang, Y., Cui, X., Xu, H., Peng, D., & Liang, B. (2024). Managing Residue Return Increases Soil Organic Carbon, Total Nitrogen in the Soil Aggregate, and the Grain Yield of Winter Wheat. Agronomy, 14(7), 1584. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14071584
Vrajan, V., R., M. Manna, S., Banerjee, A., Pappachan, A., Manjunatha, G. R. M., Chattopadhyay, S., & V. S. (2021). Soil Nutrient Status of Mulberry (Morus species) Growing Fields in West Bengal, India. International Journal of Current Research, 13(06), 18058-18066. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24941/ijcr.41768.06.2021
Walkley, A., & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37(1), 29-38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-193401000-00003
Zhang, M. M., Wang, N., Hu, Y. B., & Sun, G. Y. (2018). Changes in soil physicochemical properties and soil bacterial community in mulberry (Morus alba L.)/alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) intercropping system. Microbiologyopen, 7(2), e00555. https://doi.org/10.1002/mbo3.555
Zhang, X., Teng, Z., Zhang, H., Cai, D., Zhang, J., Meng, F., & Sun, G. (2021). Nitrogen application and intercropping change microbial community diversity and physicochemical characteristics in mulberry and alfalfa rhizosphere soil. Journal of Forestry Research, 32(5), 2121-2133. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-020-01271-y
Zhu, M., Yang, Z., Wang, Z., Tsigbey, V. E., Cui, Z., Zhang, W., ... & Zhao, W. (2025). Mulberry (Morus alba L.) planting increased the abundance of soil carbon cycling functional genes by improving soil properties, and further enhanced the stability of soil carbon pool. Plant and Soil, 515, 735–751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-025-07621-1
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Monir, S., Mallick, P., & Biswas, M. (2026). Assessment of Disease Severity of Mulberry (Morus alba L.) var.S1 Concerning Soil Physiochemical Properties Under Three Districts of West Bengal India. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 9(1), 96-105. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2026.v09i01.007
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