Association of Amniotic Membrane Integrity Upon Antibiotic Treatment on Wound Healing
Abstract
Introduction: Wound healing is a complex natural process involving numerous mediators following tissue injury. In countries like India, where there is a high prevalence of both acute and chronic wounds, healing chronic wounds presents a significant challenge. Recently, amniotic membranes have become widely used in complex wound healing due to their rich collagen bundles, which contribute to the integrity of the membrane. The richness of collagen bundles may be impacted by the antibiotics used during processing and transportation of the samples. Objectives: This study focuses on the possibility of using amniotic and amnio-chorionic membranes for chronic wound healing without antibiotic treatment. It analyzes the integrity of the membranes with and without antibiotic treatment. Methods: Four sample groups were selected for this study, as shown in Table I, using amniotic and amnio-chorionic membranes. The samples were processed both with and without antibiotics. Results: The presence of rich collagen bundles was analyzed using a universal testing machine to assess membrane integrity. The amniotic and amnio-chorionic membranes processed without antibiotics demonstrated good membrane integrity. Conclusion: High membrane integrity suggests a rich presence of collagen bundles, which leads to faster and higher-quality wound healing.
Keywords:
Amniotic Membrane, Collagen Bundle, Universal Testing Machine
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Zhang, S., & Lu, Y. (2018). Experimental and numerical investigation on the dumbbell-shaped specimen of concrete-like materials under tension. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, 15(6), e93. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-78254632
Bezek, L. B., Chatham, C. A., Dillard, D. A., & Williams, C. B. (2022). Mechanical properties of tissue-mimicking composites formed by material jetting additive manufacturing. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 125, 104938. https://.org/10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104938
Bowen, C. M., Ditmars, F. S., Gupta, A., Reems, J. A., & Fagg, W. S. (2022). Cell-free amniotic fluid and regenerative medicine: current applications and future opportunities. Biomedicines, 10(11), 2960. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10112960
Dawi, J., Tumanyan, K., Tomas, K., Misakyan, Y., Gargaloyan, A., Gonzalez, E., ... & Venketaraman, V. (2025). Diabetic Foot Ulcers: Pathophysiology, Immune Dysregulation, and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies. Biomedicines, 13(5), 1076. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13051076
Fathima, A. A., Sarvotham, A., & Iddalagi, M. (2024). Study on management of diabetic foot ulcer in a Rural Tertiary Care Hospital. Indian Journal of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, 11(2), 96-101. https://doi.org.10.4103/ijves.ijves_10_24
Frasier, K., Li, V., Christoforides, S., Daly, K., Loperfito, A., Stech, K., & Dragovic, M. (2024). The impact of psychosocial influences on chronic wound healing. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 13(3), 39-57. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmp.2024.133004
Gupta, R., Roy, I., Mukherjee, M., & Bhattacharya, N. (2025). Freshly Collected Amniotic Membrane Therapy in Chronic Non-Healing Ulcers: A Regenerative Approach to Wound Healing Mechanisms and Vascular Regeneration. European Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine, 15, 240-246. https://healthcare-bulletin.co.uk/article/freshly-collected-amniotic-membrane-therapy-in-chronic-non-healing-ulcers-a-regenerative-approach-to-wound-healing-mechanisms-and-vascular-regeneration-4171/
Guzeldemir-Akcakanat, E., Kan-Karabiyik, D., & Yigit, D. (2025). The human amniotic membrane and its applications in regenerative dentistry: An overview. Current Oral Health Reports, 12, 17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40496-025-00408-4
Herrick, E. J., & Bordoni, B. (2023). Embryology, Placenta. Statpearls. https://www.statpearls.com/point-of-care/32454
Ilie, N., Hilton, T. J., Heintze, S. D., Hickel, R., Watts, D. C., Silikas, N., ... & Ferracane, J. L. (2017). Academy of dental materials guidance—Resin composites: Part I—Mechanical properties. Dental materials, 33(8), 880-894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dental.2017.04.013
Inchingolo, F., Inchingolo, A. D., Palumbo, I., Trilli, I., Guglielmo, M., Mancini, A., ... & Dipalma, G. (2024). The impact of cesarean section delivery on intestinal microbiota: Mechanisms, consequences, and perspectives—a systematic review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(2), 1055. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021055
Ingraldi, A. L., Audet, R. G., & Tabor, A. J. (2023). The preparation and clinical efficacy of amnion-derived membranes: a review. Journal of Functional Biomaterials, 14(10), 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb14100531
Kalife, D., A.G., Murillo, A. R., Marquez, R. F., M., R., Wong, D. L. M., L., Arias, J. L., Cavazos, J. F. V., Gutierrez, H. L., Mendía, M. A. S., & Treviño, E., N. G. (2026). Human amniotic membrane procurement protocol and evaluation of a simplified alkaline decellularization method. Methods and Protocols. 9(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/mps9010005
Kar Kamal, K. (2022). Handbook of Fly Ash. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2018-0-01655-2
Klama‐Baryła, A., Rojczyk, E., Kitala, D., Łabuś, W., Smętek, W., Wilemska‐Kucharzewska, K., & Kucharzewski, M. (2020). Preparation of placental tissue transplants and their application in skin wound healing and chosen skin bullous diseases‐Stevens‐Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis treatment. International Wound Journal, 17(2), 491-507. https://doi.org/10.1111/iwj.13305
Leal‐Marin, S., Kern, T., Hofmann, N., Pogozhykh, O., Framme, C., Börgel, M., ... & Gryshkov, O. (2021). Human Amniotic Membrane: A review on tissue engineering, application, and storage. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials, 109(8), 1198-1215. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbm.b.34782
Marsh, B., Zhou, Y., Kapidzic, M., Fisher, S., & Blelloch, R. (2022). Regionally distinct trophoblast regulate barrier function and invasion in the human placenta. Elife, 11, e78829. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.78829
Mathew-Steiner, S. S., Roy, S., & Sen, C. K. (2021). Collagen in wound healing. Bioengineering, 8(5), 63. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering8050063
Parmar, U. P. S., Surico, P. L., Scarabosio, A., Barone, V., Singh, R. B., D’Ancona, F., ... & Coassin, M. (2025). Amniotic membrane transplantation for wound healing, tissue regeneration and immune modulation. Stem Cell Reviews and Reports, 21, 1428–1448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12015-025-10892-x
Pfister, P., Wendel-Garcia, P. D., Meneau, I., Vasella, M., Watson, J. A., Bühler, P., ... & Kim, B. S. (2023). Human amniotic membranes as an allogenic biological dressing for the treatment of burn wounds: Protocol for a randomized-controlled study. Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications, 36, 101209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conctc.2023.101209
Pisheh, H. T., Darvishi, A., & Masoomkhah, S. S. (2024). Amniotic membrane, a novel bioscaffold in cardiac diseases: from mechanism to applications. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 12, 1521462. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2024.1521462
Ramuta, T., Z., Šket, T., Erjavec, M., S., & Kreft, M., E. (2021). Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol, 9,691522. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2021.691522
Roberts, V. H., Gaffney, J. E., Lewandowski, K. S., Schabel, M. C., Morgan, T. K., & Frias, A. E. (2019). A standardized method for collection of human placenta samples in the age of functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biotechniques, 67(2), 45-49. https://doi.org/10.2144/btn-2019-0029
Schmiedova, I., Dembickaja, A., Kiselakova, L., Nowakova, B., & Slama, P. (2021). Using of amniotic membrane derivatives for the treatment of chronic wounds. Membranes, 11(12), 941. https://doi.org/10.3390/membranes11120941
Schmiedova, I., Slama, P., Dembickaja, A., Kozova, B., Hyneckova, V., Gogolkova, S., ... & Davani, A. (2024). Clinical Evaluation of AMNIODERM+® Wound Dressing Containing Non-Viable Human Amniotic Membrane: Retrospective-Perspective Clinical Trial. BioTech, 13(3), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/biotech13030036
Silini, A. R., Di Pietro, R., Lang-Olip, I., Alviano, F., Banerjee, A., Basile, M., ... & Parolini, O. (2020). Perinatal derivatives: where do we stand? A roadmap of the human placenta and consensus for tissue and cell nomenclature. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 8, 610544. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2020.610544
Sorg, H., Tilkorn, D. J., Hager, S., Hauser, J., & Mirastschijski, U. (2017). Skin wound healing: an update on the current knowledge and concepts. European Surgical Research, 58(1-2), 81-94. https://doi.org/10.1159/000454919
Walkden, A. (2020). Amniotic Membrane Transplantation in Ophthalmology: An Updated Perspective. Clinical Ophthalmology, 14, 2057–2072. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S208008
Zhang, S., & Lu, Y. (2018). Experimental and numerical investigation on the dumbbell-shaped specimen of concrete-like materials under tension. Latin American Journal of Solids and Structures, 15(6), e93. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-78254632
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Chandran, H., Praba, M., & Chinnappan, V. (2026). Association of Amniotic Membrane Integrity Upon Antibiotic Treatment on Wound Healing. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 9(1), 61-71. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2026.v09i01.004
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