Formulation and Evaluation of Anti-Acne Moisturizer Containing Rosehip Oil and Persea grastissma Oil against Staphylococcus epidermidis
Abstract
Introduction: Avocado and rosehip oils are examples of oils that can help treat various skin conditions. On the other hand, avocado and rosehip oils are not usually found in the compositions of facial moisturizers. It is frequently used in the formulation process of skin serums. Avocado and rosehip oil possess various beneficial properties, including the treatment of wounds and skin inflammation, reduction of scars, minimization of wrinkles, and treatment of acne. This study aimed to develop and characterize a moisturizing cream formulation utilizing rosehip oil and avocado oil, and to investigate the anti-acne effect of the formulated moisturizer against Staphylococcus epidermidis. Methods: An anti-acne moisturizing cream was formulated using rosehip and avocado oil. The physicochemical properties and the stability of the cream were evaluated. The anti-acne activity of the cream was analyzed using the well diffusion method. Results: The formulations exhibited good physical properties and stability. Although a stable moisturizing cream was formulated, it lacks antibacterial activity against S. epidermidis. Conclusion: In conclusion, integrating rosehip and avocado oils into formulations holds potential for addressing acne, attributed to their antibacterial properties. The absence of antibacterial efficacy against S. epidermidis in the current formulation could be attributed to inadequate bioactive constituents. Therefore, further exploration of the optimal ratio and concentration of rosehip and avocado oil is necessary to maximize their therapeutic benefits in anti-acne formulations.
Keywords:
Anti-Acne, Avocado Oil, Rosehip Oil, S. epidermidis
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References
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Chen, Y., Zou, C., Mastalerz, M., Hu, S., Gasaway, C., & Tao, X. (2015). Applications of micro-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the geological sciences—a review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(12), 30223-30250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226227
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Chularojanamontri, L., Tuchinda, P., Kulthanan, K., & Pongparit, K. (2014). Moisturizers for acne: What are their constituents?. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 7(5), 36-44. https://jcadonline.com/moisturizers-for-acne-what-are-their-constituents/
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Deuschle, V. C. K. N., Deuschle, R. A. N., Bortoluzzi, M. R., & Athayde, M. L. (2015). Physical chemistry evaluation of stability, spreadability, in vitro antioxidant, and photo-protective capacities of topical formulations containing Calendula officinalis L. leaf extract. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 51(1), 63-75. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502015000100007
Dréno, B., Blouin, E., Moyse, D., Bodokh, I., Knol, A. C., & Khammari, A. (2014). Acne in pregnant women: a French survey. Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 94(1), 82-83. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1594
Gyawali, R., Gupta, R. K., Shrestha, S., Joshi, R., & Paudel, P. N. (2020). Formulation and evaluation of polyherbal cream containing cinnamomum Zeylanicum Blume, Glycyrrhiza glabra L and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. extracts to topical use. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 25(2), 61-71. https://doi.org/10.3126/jist.v25i2.33738
Hafeez, A., Ahmad, S., & Al-Taie, A. (2020). Elucidating anti-acne properties of a novel herbal moisturizer. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 32(35), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.9734/JPRI/2020/v32i3530976
Hamann, T., Brüggemann, H., Feidenhansl, C., Rruci, E., Gallinger, J., Gallinat, S., & Hüpeden, J. (2025). Distinct intraspecies variation of Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis in acne vulgaris and healthy skin. Microorganisms, 13(2), 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13020299
Milala, J., Piekarska-Radzik, L., Sójka, M., Klewicki, R., Matysiak, B., & Klewicka, E. (2021). Rosa spp. extracts as a factor that limits the growth of Staphylococcus spp. bacteria, a food contaminant. Molecules, 26(15), 4590. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154590
Kirkbride, L., Humphries, L., Kozielska, P., & Curtis, H. (2021). Designing a suitable stability protocol in the face of a changing retail landscape. Cosmetics, 8(3), 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8030064
Li, Z., Xu, Y., Liu, Y., Kong, M., Ma, K., Wang, J., ... & Zhao, Y. (2024). Ultrasonic pretreatment combined with microwave-assisted hydrodistillation for the situ extraction of essential oil from Pinus koraiensis seed scales induced by tea saponin: functional activity, composition, thermal stability and material characterization. Industrial Crops and Products, 210, 118191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118191
Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2018). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19010070
Maha, H. L., Sinaga, K. R., & Masfria, M. (2018). Formulation and evaluation of miconazole nitrate nanoemulsion and cream. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(3), 319-321. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.22056
Mawazi, S. M., Ann, J., Othman, N., Khan, J., Alolayan, S. O., Thagfan, S. S. A., & Kaleemullah, M. (2022). A review of moisturizers; history, preparation, characterization and applications. Cosmetics, 9(3), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9030061
Mohamed, A. S., Fahmy, S. R., & Elsayed, A. A. (2020). Formulation and Evaluation of the sea cucumber, Holothuria arenicola extract incorporated skin cream. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(2), 232–239. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.13.2.0379
Novaryatiin, S., Nuramanah, R., Isnawati, I., Susanti, S., Kanahuang, D. S. R., & Ardhany, S. D. (2024). Formulation, physical characterization, and antibacterial activity of modifications of Bawang Dayak Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. anti-acne cream. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 45, 100869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2024.100869
Nurman, S., Yulia, R., Irmayanti, Noor, E., & Candra Sunarti, T. (2019). The optimization of gel preparations using the active compounds of arabica coffee ground nanoparticles. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 87(4), 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm87040032
Parikh, S. J., & Chorover, J. (2005). FTIR spectroscopic study of biogenic Mn-oxide formation by Pseudomonas putida GB-1. Geomicrobiology Journal, 22(5), 207-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490450590947724
Pugashetti, R., & Shinkai, K. (2013). Treatment of acne vulgaris in pregnant patients. Dermatologic Therapy, 26(4), 302-311. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.12077
Ramdas, R. S., Rasny, M. R. M., Xian, B. T. S., Kaleemullah, M., Khan, J., & Asmani, F. (2022). Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf and stem extract of IPOMOEA aquatica against skin infection. International Journal of Medical Toxicology & Legal Medicine, 25(3and4), 7-13. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-4614.2022.00043.2
Rau, A., Keri, J., & Murase, J. E. (2024). Management of acne in pregnancy. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 25(3), 465-471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-024-00851-6
Smaoui, S., Hlima, H. B., Chobba, I. B., & Kadri, A. (2017). Development and stability studies of sunscreen cream formulations containing three photo-protective filters. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10(Supp 1), S1216-S1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.02.020
Susanti, S., & Asri, M. T. (2024). Antibacterial activity of avocado peel extract and basil leaves against Staphylococcus epidermidis. LenteraBio: Berkala Ilmiah Biologi, 13(2), 236-243. https://doi.org/10.26740/lenterabio.v13n2.p236-243
Tan, A. U., Schlosser, B. J., & Paller, A. S. (2018). A review of diagnosis and treatment of acne in adult female patients. International Journal of Women's Dermatology, 4(2), 56-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.10.006
Jones, S. V., Ambros-Rudolph, C., & Nelson-Piercy, C. (2014). Skin disease in pregnancy. Bmj, 348. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g3489
Vora, J., Srivastava, A., & Modi, H. (2018). Antibacterial and antioxidant strategies for acne treatment through plant extracts. Informatics in Medicine unlocked, 13, 128-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2017.10.005
Wahyuningrum, R., Rahayu, W. S., Kaleemullah, M., Fitriani, A. R., & Hapsari, I. (2023). Antibacterial activity clay liquid soap of combination bentonite and pineapple peel ethanolic extract (Ananas Comosus (L.) Merr.) against pseudomonas aeruginosa and bacillus subtilis. Current Trends in Biotechnology & Pharmacy, 17. https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB%3Agcd%3A8%3A20224504/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aplink%3Ascholar&id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A169859844&crl=c&link_origin=scholar.google.com
Weingarth, D., Foelske-Schmitz, A., & Kötz, R. (2013). Cycle versus voltage hold–Which is the better stability test for electrochemical double layer capacitors?. Journal of Power Sources, 225, 84-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.019
Xu, W., Xu, J., Huang, D., Wang, C., Song, J., Chen, X., & Suo, H. (2025). Acne vulgaris: advances in pathogenesis and prevention strategies. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 44(3), 515-532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-024-04984-8
Buranasukhon, W., Athikomkulchai, S., Tadtong, S., & Chittasupho, C. (2017). Wound healing activity of Pluchea indica leaf extract in oral mucosal cell line and oral spray formulation containing nanoparticles of the extract. Pharmaceutical Biology, 55(1), 1767-1774. https://doi.org/10.1080/13880209.2017.1326511
Chaudhari, R. M., Chaudhari, R. S., & Deore, K. R. (2025). Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Moisturizing Cream. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Allied Science, 4(5), 186-191. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i11.28645
Chen, M. X., Alexander, K. S., & Baki, G. (2016). Formulation and evaluation of antibacterial creams and gels containing metal ions for topical application. Journal of Pharmaceutics, 2016, 5754349. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5754349
Chen, Y., Zou, C., Mastalerz, M., Hu, S., Gasaway, C., & Tao, X. (2015). Applications of micro-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in the geological sciences—a review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(12), 30223-30250. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms161226227
Chien, A. L., Qi, J., Rainer, B., Sachs, D. L., & Helfrich, Y. R. (2016). Treatment of acne in pregnancy. The Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine, 29(2), 254-262. https://doi.org/10.3122/jabfm.2016.02.150165
Chularojanamontri, L., Tuchinda, P., Kulthanan, K., & Pongparit, K. (2014). Moisturizers for acne: What are their constituents?. Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 7(5), 36-44. https://jcadonline.com/moisturizers-for-acne-what-are-their-constituents/
Dantas, M. G. B., Reis, S. A. G. B., Damasceno, C. M. D., Rolim, L. A., Rolim-Neto, P. J., Carvalho, F. O., ... & Almeida, J. R. G. D. S. (2016). Development and evaluation of stability of a gel formulation containing the monoterpene borneol. The Scientific World Journal, 2016(1), 7394685. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/7394685
Deuschle, V. C. K. N., Deuschle, R. A. N., Bortoluzzi, M. R., & Athayde, M. L. (2015). Physical chemistry evaluation of stability, spreadability, in vitro antioxidant, and photo-protective capacities of topical formulations containing Calendula officinalis L. leaf extract. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 51(1), 63-75. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-82502015000100007
Dréno, B., Blouin, E., Moyse, D., Bodokh, I., Knol, A. C., & Khammari, A. (2014). Acne in pregnant women: a French survey. Acta Dermato-Venereologica, 94(1), 82-83. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1594
Gyawali, R., Gupta, R. K., Shrestha, S., Joshi, R., & Paudel, P. N. (2020). Formulation and evaluation of polyherbal cream containing cinnamomum Zeylanicum Blume, Glycyrrhiza glabra L and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. extracts to topical use. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 25(2), 61-71. https://doi.org/10.3126/jist.v25i2.33738
Hafeez, A., Ahmad, S., & Al-Taie, A. (2020). Elucidating anti-acne properties of a novel herbal moisturizer. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 32(35), 22-27. https://doi.org/10.9734/JPRI/2020/v32i3530976
Hamann, T., Brüggemann, H., Feidenhansl, C., Rruci, E., Gallinger, J., Gallinat, S., & Hüpeden, J. (2025). Distinct intraspecies variation of Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis in acne vulgaris and healthy skin. Microorganisms, 13(2), 299. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13020299
Milala, J., Piekarska-Radzik, L., Sójka, M., Klewicki, R., Matysiak, B., & Klewicka, E. (2021). Rosa spp. extracts as a factor that limits the growth of Staphylococcus spp. bacteria, a food contaminant. Molecules, 26(15), 4590. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26154590
Kirkbride, L., Humphries, L., Kozielska, P., & Curtis, H. (2021). Designing a suitable stability protocol in the face of a changing retail landscape. Cosmetics, 8(3), 64. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics8030064
Li, Z., Xu, Y., Liu, Y., Kong, M., Ma, K., Wang, J., ... & Zhao, Y. (2024). Ultrasonic pretreatment combined with microwave-assisted hydrodistillation for the situ extraction of essential oil from Pinus koraiensis seed scales induced by tea saponin: functional activity, composition, thermal stability and material characterization. Industrial Crops and Products, 210, 118191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118191
Lin, T. K., Zhong, L., & Santiago, J. L. (2018). Anti-inflammatory and skin barrier repair effects of topical application of some plant oils. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 19(1), 70. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19010070
Maha, H. L., Sinaga, K. R., & Masfria, M. (2018). Formulation and evaluation of miconazole nitrate nanoemulsion and cream. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research, 11(3), 319-321. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i3.22056
Mawazi, S. M., Ann, J., Othman, N., Khan, J., Alolayan, S. O., Thagfan, S. S. A., & Kaleemullah, M. (2022). A review of moisturizers; history, preparation, characterization and applications. Cosmetics, 9(3), 61. https://doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9030061
Mohamed, A. S., Fahmy, S. R., & Elsayed, A. A. (2020). Formulation and Evaluation of the sea cucumber, Holothuria arenicola extract incorporated skin cream. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(2), 232–239. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.13.2.0379
Novaryatiin, S., Nuramanah, R., Isnawati, I., Susanti, S., Kanahuang, D. S. R., & Ardhany, S. D. (2024). Formulation, physical characterization, and antibacterial activity of modifications of Bawang Dayak Eleutherine bulbosa (Mill.) Urb. anti-acne cream. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 45, 100869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2024.100869
Nurman, S., Yulia, R., Irmayanti, Noor, E., & Candra Sunarti, T. (2019). The optimization of gel preparations using the active compounds of arabica coffee ground nanoparticles. Scientia Pharmaceutica, 87(4), 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/scipharm87040032
Parikh, S. J., & Chorover, J. (2005). FTIR spectroscopic study of biogenic Mn-oxide formation by Pseudomonas putida GB-1. Geomicrobiology Journal, 22(5), 207-218. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490450590947724
Pugashetti, R., & Shinkai, K. (2013). Treatment of acne vulgaris in pregnant patients. Dermatologic Therapy, 26(4), 302-311. https://doi.org/10.1111/dth.12077
Ramdas, R. S., Rasny, M. R. M., Xian, B. T. S., Kaleemullah, M., Khan, J., & Asmani, F. (2022). Evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial activity of ethanolic leaf and stem extract of IPOMOEA aquatica against skin infection. International Journal of Medical Toxicology & Legal Medicine, 25(3and4), 7-13. https://doi.org/10.5958/0974-4614.2022.00043.2
Rau, A., Keri, J., & Murase, J. E. (2024). Management of acne in pregnancy. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 25(3), 465-471. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40257-024-00851-6
Smaoui, S., Hlima, H. B., Chobba, I. B., & Kadri, A. (2017). Development and stability studies of sunscreen cream formulations containing three photo-protective filters. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 10(Supp 1), S1216-S1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2013.02.020
Susanti, S., & Asri, M. T. (2024). Antibacterial activity of avocado peel extract and basil leaves against Staphylococcus epidermidis. LenteraBio: Berkala Ilmiah Biologi, 13(2), 236-243. https://doi.org/10.26740/lenterabio.v13n2.p236-243
Tan, A. U., Schlosser, B. J., & Paller, A. S. (2018). A review of diagnosis and treatment of acne in adult female patients. International Journal of Women's Dermatology, 4(2), 56-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.10.006
Jones, S. V., Ambros-Rudolph, C., & Nelson-Piercy, C. (2014). Skin disease in pregnancy. Bmj, 348. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g3489
Vora, J., Srivastava, A., & Modi, H. (2018). Antibacterial and antioxidant strategies for acne treatment through plant extracts. Informatics in Medicine unlocked, 13, 128-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2017.10.005
Wahyuningrum, R., Rahayu, W. S., Kaleemullah, M., Fitriani, A. R., & Hapsari, I. (2023). Antibacterial activity clay liquid soap of combination bentonite and pineapple peel ethanolic extract (Ananas Comosus (L.) Merr.) against pseudomonas aeruginosa and bacillus subtilis. Current Trends in Biotechnology & Pharmacy, 17. https://openurl.ebsco.com/EPDB%3Agcd%3A8%3A20224504/detailv2?sid=ebsco%3Aplink%3Ascholar&id=ebsco%3Agcd%3A169859844&crl=c&link_origin=scholar.google.com
Weingarth, D., Foelske-Schmitz, A., & Kötz, R. (2013). Cycle versus voltage hold–Which is the better stability test for electrochemical double layer capacitors?. Journal of Power Sources, 225, 84-88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.10.019
Xu, W., Xu, J., Huang, D., Wang, C., Song, J., Chen, X., & Suo, H. (2025). Acne vulgaris: advances in pathogenesis and prevention strategies. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, 44(3), 515-532. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-024-04984-8
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Shaharuddin, N., Balan, T., Fatinathan, S., Selvarajoo, P., & Perumal, V. (2026). Formulation and Evaluation of Anti-Acne Moisturizer Containing Rosehip Oil and Persea grastissma Oil against Staphylococcus epidermidis. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 9(1), 129-142. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2026.v09i01.010
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