Hygiene and Sanitation Towards the Incidence of Stunting in Children Under Five Years Old in Bidara Cina Villege, East Jakarta in 2024
Abstract
Stunting remains a critical public health issue in East Jakarta, with Bidara Cina Village identified as one of the areas facing significant challenges related to hygiene, sanitation, and nutrition among toddlers. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between hygiene and sanitation practices and stunting, while also considering individual and family factors among children under five years old (0–60 months) in Bidara Cina Village, East Jakarta, in 2024. A cross-sectional study design was employed, involving 126 respondents, with data collected through observations and interviews. Data analysis included bivariate analysis (Chi-square test) and multivariate analysis (Multiple Logistic Regression). The bivariate analysis revealed significant associations between stunting and hygiene and sanitation practices, including handwashing with soap (p = 0.01; OR = 9.828), ownership of personal toilet facilities (p < 0.001; OR = 9.750), and the physical quality of water (p < 0.001; OR = 4.713). Individual factors such as age (49–60 months; p < 0.001; OR = 0.350) and history of illness or infection (p < 0.001; OR = 4.631), as well as family factors such as socioeconomic status (p = 0.003; OR = 6.00) and smoking behavior (p = 0.004; OR = 4.245), also showed significant associations. The conclusion of this study is based on the multivariate analysis identified ownership of toilet facilities (p = 0.004; OR = 5.068) and the age range of 49–60 months (p = 0.011; OR = 1.528) as the most influential factors, contributing to 33.2% of stunting cases among toddlers in Bidara Cina Village. Efforts to address stunting in this area should prioritize improving access to sanitation facilities and targeting interventions for older toddlers.
Keywords:
Children Under Five Years Old, Hygiene, Sanitation, Stunting
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References
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Brahima, J. J., Noor, N. N., & Jafar, N. (2020). Immunization and distance relationship status on the birth events 1000 HPK stunting work in bone health district Barebbo. Enfermería Clínica, 30, 318–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enfcli.2019.10.091
Bridgman, G., & von Fintel, D. (2022). Stunting, double orphanhood and unequal access to public services in democratic South Africa. Economics & Human Biology, 44, 101076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101076
Chirande, L., Charwe, D., Mbwana, H., Victor, R., Kimboka, S., Issaka, A. I., Baines, S. K., Dibley, M. J., & Agho, K. E. (2015). Determinants of stunting and severe stunting among under-fives in Tanzania: evidence from the 2010 cross-sectional household survey. BMC Pediatrics, 15(1), 165. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-015-0482-9
Danso, F., & Appiah, M. A. (2023). Prevalence and associated factors influencing stunting and wasting among children of ages 1 to 5 years in Nkwanta South Municipality, Ghana. Nutrition, 110, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2023.111996
Fitriani, S., & Herliana, L. (2024). Utilization of Health Services by Stunting Families in Tasikmalaya. The Malaysian Journal of Nursing (MJN), 15(4), 150-157. https://doi.org/10.31674/mjn.2024.v15i04.017
Fooken, J., & Vo, L. K. (2021). Exploring the macroeconomic and socioeconomic determinants of simultaneous over and undernutrition in Asia: An analysis of stunted child-overweight mother households. Social Science & Medicine, 269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113570
Gaffan, N., Kpozehouen, A., Degbey, C., Ahanhanzo, Y. G., & Paraïso, M. N. (2023). Effects of the level of household access to water, sanitation and hygiene on the nutritional status of children under five, Benin. BMC Nutrition, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-023-00751-8
Ghosh, S., Kabir, M. R., Islam, M., Bin Shadat, Z., Ishat, F. S., Hasan, R., ... & Halima, O. (2021). Association between water, sanitation, and hygiene practices (WASH) and anthropometric nutritional status among selected under-five children in rural Noakhali, Bangladesh: a cross-sectional analysis. Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 11(1), 141-151.https://doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2020.133
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lansea.2023.100212
Humphrey, J. H., Mbuya, M. N. N., Ntozini, R., Moulton, L. H., Stoltzfus, R. J., Tavengwa, N. v, Mutasa, K., Majo, F., Mutasa, B., Mangwadu, G., Chasokela, C. M., Chigumira, A., Chasekwa, B., Smith, L. E., Tielsch, J. M., Jones, A. D., Manges, A. R., Maluccio, J. A., Prendergast, A. J., … Makoni, T. (2019). Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and improved complementary feeding, on child stunting and anaemia in rural Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial. The Lancet Global Health, 7(1), e132–e147. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30374-7
Hurley, K. M., Phuka, J., Kang, Y., Ruel-Bergeron, J., Buckland, A. J., Mitra, M., Wu, L., Klemm, R. D., West, K. P., & Christian, P. (2021). A longitudinal impact evaluation of a comprehensive nutrition program for reducing stunting among children aged 6–23 months in rural Malawi. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 114(1), 248–256. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcn/nqab010
Kelly, P., Amadi, B., Chandwe, K., Besa, E., Zyambo, K., Chama, M., Tarr, P. I., Shaikh, N., Ndao, I. M., Storer, C., & Head, R. (2021). Gene expression profiles compared in environmental and malnutrition enteropathy in Zambian children and adults. EBioMedicine, 70, 103509. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103509
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. (2023). Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 2 Tahun 2023 tentang Peraturan Pelaksanaan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 66 2014 tentang Kesehatan Lingkungan. [Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2023). Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 2 of 2023 concerning the Implementing Regulation of Government Regulation Number 66 of 2014 concerning Environmental Health]. https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/Details/245563/permenkes-no-2-tahun-2023
Khalil, I. A., Troeger, C., Rao, P. C., Blacker, B. F., Brown, A., Brewer, T. G., Colombara, D. v, de Hostos, E. L., Engmann, C., Guerrant, R. L., Haque, R., Houpt, E. R., Kang, G., Korpe, P. S., Kotloff, K. L., Lima, A. A. M., Petri, W. A., Platts-Mills, J. A., Shoultz, D. A., … Mokdad, A. H. (2018). Morbidity, mortality, and long-term consequences associated with diarrhoea from Cryptosporidium infection in children younger than 5 years: a meta-analyses study. The Lancet Global Health, 6(7), e758–e768. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(18)30283-3
Lemeshow, S., Hosmer, D. W., Klar, J., & Lwanga, S. K. (1990). Adequacy of sample size in health studies. John Wiley & Sons for the World Health Organization.
Logarajan, R. D., Nor, N. M., Ibrahim, S., & Said, R. (2023). Social determinants of stunting in Malay children aged <5 years in Malaysia. Nutrition, 111, 112030. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2023.112030
Modern, G., Sauli, E., & Mpolya, E. (2020). Correlates of diarrhea and stunting among under-five children in Ruvuma, Tanzania; a hospital-based cross-sectional study. Scientific African, 8, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sciaf.2020.e00430
Mumin, A. A., Mohammed, A.-R., Issahaku, T., & Musah, B. I. (2023). How has community-led total sanitation (CLTS) affected open defecation in urban communities in the Tamale Metropolis? Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03533-1
Ndagijimana, A., Nduwayezu, G., Kagoyire, C., Elfving, K., Umubyeyi, A., Mansourian, A., & Lind, T. (2024). Childhood stunting is highly clustered in Northern Province of Rwanda: A spatial analysis of a population-based study. Heliyon, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24922
Ngassa, A. B., Meriki, H. D., Mbanga, C. M., Nzefa, L. D., Mbhenyane, X., & Tambe, A. B. (2022). Key predictors of undernutrition among children 6–59 months in the Buea Health District of the Southwest region of Cameroon: a cross sectional community-based survey. BMC Nutrition, 8(1), 148. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40795-022-00646-0
Nkurunziza, S., Meessen, B., van geertruyden, J.-P., & Korachais, C. (2017). Determinants of stunting and severe stunting among Burundian children aged 6-23 months: evidence from a national cross-sectional household survey, 2014. BMC Pediatrics, 17(1), 176. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-017-0929-2
Ntozini, R., & Davis, S. (2023). Effects of Water Access on Childhood Linear Growth in Zimbabwe [Walden University]. In ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/effects-water-access-on-childhood-linear-growth/docview/2892805036/se-2?accountid=17242
Oginawati, K., Yapfrine, S. J., Fahimah, N., Salami, I. R. S., & Susetyo, S. H. (2023). The associations of heavy metals exposure in water sources to the risk of stunting cases. Emerging Contaminants, 9(4), 100247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emcon.2023.100247
Pangaribuan, I. K., Said, F. M., Rahim, S. B. A., Hassan, H. C., & Poddar, S. (2023). Stunting Care Application (SCATION) and Its Effect in Early Detection of Stunting in Toddlers in Langkat District. JK Practitioner, 28.1-2. Availble at: https://jkpractitioner.com/pdfs/2023/A8_Dr%20Ingka.pdf
Sahiledengle, B., Petrucka, P., Kumie, A., Mwanri, L., Beressa, G., Atlaw, D., Tekalegn, Y., Zenbaba, D., Desta, F., & Agho, K. E. (2022). Association between water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and child undernutrition in Ethiopia: a hierarchical approach. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1943. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14309-z
Sangalang, S. O., Prado, N. O., Lemence, A. L. G., Cayetano, M. G., Lu, J. L. D., Valencia, J. C., ... & Borgemeister, C. (2022). Diarrhoea, malnutrition, and dehydration associated with school water, sanitation, and hygiene in Metro Manila, Philippines: A cross-sectional study. Science of the Total Environment, 838, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155882
Sarfraz, A., Jamil, Z., Ahmed, S., Umrani, F., Qureshi, A. K., Jakhro, S., ... & Ali, S. A. (2023). Impact of diarrhoea and acute respiratory infection on environmental enteric dysfunction and growth of malnourished children in Pakistan: a longitudinal cohort study. The Lancet Regional Health-Southeast Asia, 15.
Soboksa, N. E., Gari, S. R., Hailu, A. B., & Alemu, B. M. (2021). Child defecation, feces disposal practices and associated factors in community-led total sanitation adopted districts in Jimma Zone, Ethiopia. Environmental Challenges, 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100059
Stewart, C. P., Iannotti, L., Dewey, K. G., Michaelsen, K. F., & Onyango, A. W. (2013). Contextualising complementary feeding in a broader framework for stunting prevention. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 9(S2), 27–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12088
Tamir, T. T., Techane, M. A., Dessie, M. T., & Atalell, K. A. (2022). Applied nutritional investigation spatial variation and determinants of stunting among children aged less than 5 y in Ethiopia: A spatial and multilevel analysis of Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey 2019. Nutrition, 103–104, 111786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2022.111786
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Prasetyo, A., & Susanna, D. (2025). Hygiene and Sanitation Towards the Incidence of Stunting in Children Under Five Years Old in Bidara Cina Villege, East Jakarta in 2024. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 8(2), 129-142. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2025.v08i02.010
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Research Articles
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