Formulation High Energy and Rich Iron of Granola Snackbar as a Nutritional Supplementary Feeding to Prevent Malnutrition in Pregnant Women
Abstract
Background: Providing supplementary feeding from local food is one strategy to address the nutritional problems of pregnant women in Indonesia. Improper eating habits of pregnant women are one of the causes of nutritional disorders, one of which is anemia and chronic lack of energy. The aim of this research was to develop and evaluate high-energy and rich-iron granola snackbars as a nutritional supplementary feeding to prevent malnutrition in pregnant women. Granola snackbars (formulas P1, P2, P3, and P4) were prepared using the same ratios of seaweed, moringa leaves, beetroot oats, nuts (peanuts, walnuts, and almonds), cornstarch, peanut butter, fish oil, salt, sugar, and water, in addition to chicken liver formulation and snakehead fish (P1: 0 gr, 75 gr), (P2: 10 gr, 65 gr), (P3: 20 gr, 55 gr), and (P4: 30 gr, 45 gr). Methods: The method employed a fully randomized design in a pure experimental setting. Proximate testing involved determining the snackbars' color, texture, taste, and aroma, as well as their energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate, and Fe contents. Organoleptic testing covered these aspects as well. Results: Formula P2 had the highest energy (521.01 kcal), and Formula P4 had the highest Fe value at 4.34%. The organoleptic test showed that the most preferred formulation was the formulation with a proportion of Formula P2. Conclusion: This study recommends using Formula P2 as a source of energy to prevent malnutrition in pregnant women and Formula P4, which has a high iron content, to improve the hemoglobin level in pregnant women.
Keywords:
Pregnant women, malnutrition, Snackbar
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References
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Arianti, S. A., Lestari, S., & Kartadarma, S. (2021). Minuman Rumput Laut Dan Madu Dapat Meningkatkan Haemoglobin Pada Ibu Hamil. Jurnal Kebidanan Malahayati, 7(4), 738-743. https://doi.org/10.33024/jkm.v7i4.4871
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Bothwell, T. H. (2000). Iron requirements in pregnancy and strategies to meet them. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 72(1), 257S-264S.
Chopra, J. G., & Kevany, J. (1971). International approach to nutritional anemias. American journal of public health, 61(2), 250-258. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.61.2.250
Fisher, A. L., & Nemeth, E. (2017). Iron homeostasis during pregnancy. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 106(suppl_6), 1567S-1574S.
Forsum, E., & Löf, M. (2007). Energy metabolism during human pregnancy. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 27, 277-292. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093543
Gonzalez, E., & Draganchuk, M. (2003). Flavoring nutrition bars. Cereal foods world, 48(5), 250.
Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (GotFDR, E). (2013). National nutrition programme June 2013-june 2015. Addis Ababa: government of federal democratic republic of Ethiopia. 2013. Available at http://www.unicef.org/ethiopia/National_Nutrition_Programme.pdf
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Head, D. S., Cenkowski, S., Arntfield, S., & Henderson, K. (2010). Superheated steam processing of oat groats. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 43(4), 690-694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2009.12.002
Imdad, A., Lassi, Z., Salaam, R., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2017). Prenatal nutrition and nutrition in pregnancy: effects on long-term growth and development. In Early Nutrition and Long-Term Health (pp. 3-24). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100168-4.00001-X
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Khuzaimah, A., Hadju, V., As, S., Abdullah, N., Bahar, B., & Riu, D. S. (2015). Effect of honey and Moringa oleifera leaf extracts supplementation for preventing DNA damage in passive smoking pregnancy. Int J Sci Basic Appl Res, 24(1), 138-45. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/249334805.pdf
Lobato, L. P., Iakmiu Camargo Pereira, A. E., Lazaretti, M. M., Barbosa, D. S., Carreira, C. M., Mandarino, J. M. G., & Grossmann, M. V. E. (2012). Snack bars with high soy protein and isoflavone content for use in diets to control dyslipidaemia. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 63(1), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2011.596148
Lone, F. W., Qureshi, R. N., & Emanuel, F. (2004). Maternal anaemia and its impact on perinatal outcome. Tropical medicine & international health, 9(4), 486-490. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01222.x
Lozoff, B., Jimenez, E., & Wolf, A. W. (1991). Long-term developmental outcome of infants with iron deficiency. The New England Journal of Medicine, 325(10), 687–694. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199109053251004
Milman, N., Taylor, C. L., Merkel, J., & Brannon, P. M. (2017). Iron status in pregnant women and women of reproductive age in Europe. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 106(Suppl 6), 1655S–1662S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.156000
Mustafa, A., Sujuti, H., Permatasari, N., & Widodo, M. A. (2013). Determination of nutrient contents and amino acid composition of Pasuruan Channa striata extract. IEESE International Journal of Science and Technology, 2(4), 1. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=a9dc6f957c21a2bd7ce3c9647d9365cfb4ef1feb
NurinaR. (2017). Program Pemberian Makanan Tambahan untuk Peningkatan Status Gizi Ibu Hamil dan Balita di Kecamatan Cilamaya Kulon dan Cilamaya Wetan, Karawang. Jurnal Resolusi Konflik, CSR Dan Pemberdayaan (CARE), 1(1). Retrieved from https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jurnalcare/article/view/15295
Obatolu Veronica, A., Omueti Olusola, O., & Adebowale, E. A. (2006). Qualities of extruded puffed snacks from maize/soybean mixture. Journal of food process engineering, 29(2), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4530.2006.00054.x
Pallavi, B. V., Chetana, R., Ravi, R., & Reddy, S. Y. (2015). Moisture sorption curves of fruit and nut cereal bar prepared with sugar and sugar substitutes. Journal of food science and technology, 52(3), 1663–1669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1101-0
Rajkumar, A. S., Gaukler, C., & Tilahun, J. (2011). Combating malnutrition in Ethiopia: an evidence-based approach for sustained results. World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, number 2387, December.
Rasane, P., Jha, A., Sabikhi, L., Kumar, A., & Unnikrishnan, V. S. (2015). Nutritional advantages of oats and opportunities for its processing as value added foods - a review. Journal of food science and technology, 52(2), 662–675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1072-1
Riskesdas, K. (2018). Main results of basic health research (RISKESDAS). Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 44(8), 1-200.
Salam, R. A., Das, J. K., Ali, A., Lassi, Z. S., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2013). Maternal undernutrition and intrauterine growth restriction. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 8(6), 559-567. https://doi.org/10.1586/17474108.2013.850857
Santosa H, Handayani NA, Nuramelia C, Sukma NY. Pemanfaatan hati ayam sebagai penguat zat besi pada bubur bayi instan berbasis ubi jalar ungu (Ipomoea batatas L.). Jurnal Inovasi Teknik Kimia. 2016;1(1). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31942/inteka.v1i1.1641
Sato, A. P. S., Fujimori, E., Szarfarc, S. C., Borges, A. L. V., & Tsunechiro, M. A. (2010). Food consumption and iron intake of pregnant and reproductive aged women. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem, 18, 247-254. https://www.scielo.br/j/rlae/a/hHwMLGLhnbg5X7ZhDDWnVHh/?lang=en&format=html
Setiyana, N. M., & Suprayitno, E. (2019) Identification of Amino Acid Profile, Fatty Acid Profile and Albumin from Cork Eggs (Channa striata). International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9, ( 9), 753-759. https://doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.09.2019.p93101
Stevens G.A., et al., Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data. The Lancet Global Health, 2013. 1(1): p. e16–e25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70001-9
Stoltzfus R.J., Iron deficiency: global prevalence and consequences. Food and nutrition bulletin, 2003. 24(4_suppl_1): p. S99–S103. https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265030244S206
Trumbo, P., Schlicker, S., Yates, A. A., Poos, M., & Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, The National Academies (2002). Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102(11), 1621–1630. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90346-9
Van Toan, N., & Vinh, T. Q. (2018). Production of nutritional bars with different proportions of oat flour and brown rice flour. Clinical Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 1(1), 1-11. https://asclepiusopen.com/clinical-journal-of-nutrition-and-dietetics/volume-1-issue-1/5.php
Vricella L. K. (2017). Emerging understanding and measurement of plasma volume expansion in pregnancy. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 106(Suppl 6), 1620S–1625S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.155903
WHO. (2018). Data and statistics. https://www.who.int/hiv/data/en/
WHO/UNICEF Joint Water Supply, & Sanitation Monitoring Programme. (2015). Progress on sanitation and drinking water: 2015 update and MDG assessment. World Health Organization.
Ali, Z. A., & Bilal, A. (2023). Efficacy Assessment of Beetroot Extract in Regulating Iron Deficiency Anemia in Anemic Rats. Pakistan Journal of Science, 75(1), 88-93. https://doi.org/10.57041/pjs.v75i1.826
Allen, L. H. (1997). Pregnancy and iron deficiency: unresolved issues. Nutrition reviews, 55(4), 91-101. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-4887.1997.tb06460.x
Arianti, S. A., Lestari, S., & Kartadarma, S. (2021). Minuman Rumput Laut Dan Madu Dapat Meningkatkan Haemoglobin Pada Ibu Hamil. Jurnal Kebidanan Malahayati, 7(4), 738-743. https://doi.org/10.33024/jkm.v7i4.4871
Baker Jr, W. F. (2000). Iron deficiency in pregnancy, obstetrics, and gynecology. Hematology/oncology clinics of North America, 14(5), 1061-1077. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0889-8588(05)70171-4
Bothwell, T. H. (2000). Iron requirements in pregnancy and strategies to meet them. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 72(1), 257S-264S.
Chopra, J. G., & Kevany, J. (1971). International approach to nutritional anemias. American journal of public health, 61(2), 250-258. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.61.2.250
Fisher, A. L., & Nemeth, E. (2017). Iron homeostasis during pregnancy. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 106(suppl_6), 1567S-1574S.
Forsum, E., & Löf, M. (2007). Energy metabolism during human pregnancy. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 27, 277-292. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093543
Gonzalez, E., & Draganchuk, M. (2003). Flavoring nutrition bars. Cereal foods world, 48(5), 250.
Government of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (GotFDR, E). (2013). National nutrition programme June 2013-june 2015. Addis Ababa: government of federal democratic republic of Ethiopia. 2013. Available at http://www.unicef.org/ethiopia/National_Nutrition_Programme.pdf
Hassan, A. A., Mamman, A. I., Adaji, S., Musa, B., & Kene, S. (2014). Anemia and iron deficiency in pregnant women in Zaria, Nigeria. Sub-Saharan African Journal of Medicine, 1(1), 36. https://www.ssajm.org/article.asp?issn=WKMP-0047;year=2014;volume=1;issue=1;spage=36;epage=39;aulast=Hassan
Head, D. S., Cenkowski, S., Arntfield, S., & Henderson, K. (2010). Superheated steam processing of oat groats. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 43(4), 690-694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2009.12.002
Imdad, A., Lassi, Z., Salaam, R., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2017). Prenatal nutrition and nutrition in pregnancy: effects on long-term growth and development. In Early Nutrition and Long-Term Health (pp. 3-24). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100168-4.00001-X
IYCNP 2012. Guidance for formative research on maternal nutrition. Available at: http://www.iycn.org/ resource/guidance-for-formative-research-on-maternal-nutrition/. Accessed on January 12, 2020. Available at: www.scitcentral.com 158: 2. 8 .
Kemenkes, R. I. (2023). PETUNJUK TEKNIS Pemberian Makanan Tambahan (PMT) Berbahan Pangan Lokal untuk Balita dan Ibu Hamil. Kemenkes (Internet), 78-81. https://kesmas.kemkes.go.id/assets/uploads/contents/others/20230516_Juknis_Tatalaksana_Gizi_V18.pd f
Khuzaimah, A., Hadju, V., As, S., Abdullah, N., Bahar, B., & Riu, D. S. (2015). Effect of honey and Moringa oleifera leaf extracts supplementation for preventing DNA damage in passive smoking pregnancy. Int J Sci Basic Appl Res, 24(1), 138-45. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/249334805.pdf
Lobato, L. P., Iakmiu Camargo Pereira, A. E., Lazaretti, M. M., Barbosa, D. S., Carreira, C. M., Mandarino, J. M. G., & Grossmann, M. V. E. (2012). Snack bars with high soy protein and isoflavone content for use in diets to control dyslipidaemia. International journal of food sciences and nutrition, 63(1), 49-58. https://doi.org/10.3109/09637486.2011.596148
Lone, F. W., Qureshi, R. N., & Emanuel, F. (2004). Maternal anaemia and its impact on perinatal outcome. Tropical medicine & international health, 9(4), 486-490. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2004.01222.x
Lozoff, B., Jimenez, E., & Wolf, A. W. (1991). Long-term developmental outcome of infants with iron deficiency. The New England Journal of Medicine, 325(10), 687–694. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199109053251004
Milman, N., Taylor, C. L., Merkel, J., & Brannon, P. M. (2017). Iron status in pregnant women and women of reproductive age in Europe. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 106(Suppl 6), 1655S–1662S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.156000
Mustafa, A., Sujuti, H., Permatasari, N., & Widodo, M. A. (2013). Determination of nutrient contents and amino acid composition of Pasuruan Channa striata extract. IEESE International Journal of Science and Technology, 2(4), 1. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=a9dc6f957c21a2bd7ce3c9647d9365cfb4ef1feb
NurinaR. (2017). Program Pemberian Makanan Tambahan untuk Peningkatan Status Gizi Ibu Hamil dan Balita di Kecamatan Cilamaya Kulon dan Cilamaya Wetan, Karawang. Jurnal Resolusi Konflik, CSR Dan Pemberdayaan (CARE), 1(1). Retrieved from https://journal.ipb.ac.id/index.php/jurnalcare/article/view/15295
Obatolu Veronica, A., Omueti Olusola, O., & Adebowale, E. A. (2006). Qualities of extruded puffed snacks from maize/soybean mixture. Journal of food process engineering, 29(2), 149-161. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4530.2006.00054.x
Pallavi, B. V., Chetana, R., Ravi, R., & Reddy, S. Y. (2015). Moisture sorption curves of fruit and nut cereal bar prepared with sugar and sugar substitutes. Journal of food science and technology, 52(3), 1663–1669. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1101-0
Rajkumar, A. S., Gaukler, C., & Tilahun, J. (2011). Combating malnutrition in Ethiopia: an evidence-based approach for sustained results. World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, number 2387, December.
Rasane, P., Jha, A., Sabikhi, L., Kumar, A., & Unnikrishnan, V. S. (2015). Nutritional advantages of oats and opportunities for its processing as value added foods - a review. Journal of food science and technology, 52(2), 662–675. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-013-1072-1
Riskesdas, K. (2018). Main results of basic health research (RISKESDAS). Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and Theoretical, 44(8), 1-200.
Salam, R. A., Das, J. K., Ali, A., Lassi, Z. S., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2013). Maternal undernutrition and intrauterine growth restriction. Expert Review of Obstetrics & Gynecology, 8(6), 559-567. https://doi.org/10.1586/17474108.2013.850857
Santosa H, Handayani NA, Nuramelia C, Sukma NY. Pemanfaatan hati ayam sebagai penguat zat besi pada bubur bayi instan berbasis ubi jalar ungu (Ipomoea batatas L.). Jurnal Inovasi Teknik Kimia. 2016;1(1). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.31942/inteka.v1i1.1641
Sato, A. P. S., Fujimori, E., Szarfarc, S. C., Borges, A. L. V., & Tsunechiro, M. A. (2010). Food consumption and iron intake of pregnant and reproductive aged women. Revista latino-americana de enfermagem, 18, 247-254. https://www.scielo.br/j/rlae/a/hHwMLGLhnbg5X7ZhDDWnVHh/?lang=en&format=html
Setiyana, N. M., & Suprayitno, E. (2019) Identification of Amino Acid Profile, Fatty Acid Profile and Albumin from Cork Eggs (Channa striata). International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9, ( 9), 753-759. https://doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.09.2019.p93101
Stevens G.A., et al., Global, regional, and national trends in haemoglobin concentration and prevalence of total and severe anaemia in children and pregnant and non-pregnant women for 1995–2011: a systematic analysis of population-representative data. The Lancet Global Health, 2013. 1(1): p. e16–e25. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(13)70001-9
Stoltzfus R.J., Iron deficiency: global prevalence and consequences. Food and nutrition bulletin, 2003. 24(4_suppl_1): p. S99–S103. https://doi.org/10.1177/15648265030244S206
Trumbo, P., Schlicker, S., Yates, A. A., Poos, M., & Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, The National Academies (2002). Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein and amino acids. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 102(11), 1621–1630. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90346-9
Van Toan, N., & Vinh, T. Q. (2018). Production of nutritional bars with different proportions of oat flour and brown rice flour. Clinical Journal of Nutrition and Dietetics, 1(1), 1-11. https://asclepiusopen.com/clinical-journal-of-nutrition-and-dietetics/volume-1-issue-1/5.php
Vricella L. K. (2017). Emerging understanding and measurement of plasma volume expansion in pregnancy. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 106(Suppl 6), 1620S–1625S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.117.155903
WHO. (2018). Data and statistics. https://www.who.int/hiv/data/en/
WHO/UNICEF Joint Water Supply, & Sanitation Monitoring Programme. (2015). Progress on sanitation and drinking water: 2015 update and MDG assessment. World Health Organization.
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Hayudanti, D., Ethasari, R., & Mundiastuti, L. (2024). Formulation High Energy and Rich Iron of Granola Snackbar as a Nutritional Supplementary Feeding to Prevent Malnutrition in Pregnant Women. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 7(1), 139-146. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2024.v07i01.015
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