Sexual Shape Dimorphism in the Two Native Fish Species (Glossogobius giuris) and (Hypseleotris agilis) in Lake Mainit, Philippines
Abstract
Previous studies have primarily relied on fluctuating asymmetry analyses, which, although valuable, may not fully capture the subtle shape variations associated with sexual dimorphism. This study aimed to quantify and compare sexual shape dimorphism in Glossogobius giuris (Pidjanga) and Hypseleotris agilis (Bugwan) using geometric morphometric techniques and describe the water quality condition of the lake. A total of 120 sexually mature individuals were analyzed, comprising 60 G. giuris and 60 H. agilis, with equal representation of males and females. Digital images of specimens were sorted by sex and converted to TPS format using tpsUtil, followed by landmark digitization in tpsDig2. Sixteen homologous anatomical landmarks were placed on each specimen to capture body shape variation. Results of the water quality assessment indicate that the parameters are within the acceptable limits set by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Multivariate Analysis of Variance revealed significant differences in morphometric parameters for both species (G. giuris: Wilks’ λ = 0.8249, F = 15.03, p = 2.19 × 10⁻¹³; H. agilis: Wilks’ λ = 0.9097, F = 7.03, p = 2.81 × 10⁻⁶), indicating pronounced shape variation associated with sex. These highly significant results demonstrate that the measured morphometric traits collectively contribute to distinguishing shape variation within and between sexes of the two species. Furthermore, principal component analysis and canonical variate analysis elucidated patterns of sexual dimorphism in both fish types. It arises because differences in the reproductive roles of males and females shape selective pressures, ultimately resulting in distinct morphological traits between the sexes.
Keywords:
Body Shape, Freshwater Ecosystem, Geometric Morphometrics, Landmarks, Relative Warps
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References
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Cabuga Jr., C., Presilda, C., Angco, M., Pondang, J., Jr., J. and Budiongan, A. (2026) “Sexual Shape Dimorphism in the Two Native Fish Species (Glossogobius giuris) and (Hypseleotris agilis) in Lake Mainit, Philippines”, International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 9(3), pp. 104-122. doi: https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2026.v09i03.009.
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