Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Using LC-HRMS and Antioxidant Potential Test of Rhizophora mucronata Leaves: in vitro, Bioinformatic, and Molecular Docking Studies
Abstract
Increased concentration of free radical exposure in the body can cause various serious health problems, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, tumors, and so on. Free radicals at low concentrations have a physiological role in various cellular activities in the body. Therefore, the condition of free radical concentration needs to be controlled with antioxidants. Antioxidants have an important role in maintaining and protecting the body from free radical exposure. Antioxidants are divided into two: exogenous and endogenous. Endogenous is obtained from the results of enzymatic reactions in the body, while exogenous is obtained from outside the body through food sources (synthetic and natural). Exogenous antioxidants from synthetic sources such as BHT, BHA, and others are considered unsafe, and long-term use is very dangerous for the body. Therefore, natural resources are a safe choice to use. One plant that can be explored for its potential antioxidant activity is Rhizophoramucronata (R. mucronata) leaves. The results of the water extract investigation contain phenolic and flavonoid groups and provide antioxidant activity in the moderate category. The results of the LC-HRMS analysis showed that the compound methyl α-D-mannoside had the highest content of 23.20%. A bioinformatics study using six of the highest concentrations of bioactive compounds targets the TP-binding cassette (ABC) protein receptor subfamily C member 9 (ABCC9). Regulation of this protein's expression plays a crucial role in the development and prevention of various diseases. In vitro antioxidant activity testing and bioinformatics studies revealed that this plant leaf component has potential for further investigation.
Keywords:
Antioxidant activity, bioinformatics, LC-HRMS, free radicals, Rhizophora mucronata
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References
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Chelliah, C. K., Murugan, M., Rajivgandhi, G., Gnanasekaran, C., Govindan, R., Maruthupandy, M., Quero, F., Arulraj, A., Viswanathan, M. R., Alharbi, N. S., & Alshammary, N. H. (2023). Phytochemical derivatives and secondary metabolites rich Rhizophora mucronata as an active anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial agent against multi drug resistant bacteria. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 35(8), 102912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102912
Chen, X., Li, X., Xu, X., Li, L., Liang, N., Zhang, L., Lv, J., Wu, Y. C., & Yin, H. (2021). Ferroptosis and cardiovascular disease: role of free radical-induced lipid peroxidation. Free Radical Research, 55(4), 405–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715762.2021.1876856
Chuljerm, H., Paradee, N., Katekaew, D., Nantachai, P., Settakorn, K., Srichairatanakool, S., & Koonyosying, P. (2023). Iron chelation property, antioxidant activity, and hepatoprotective effect of 6-gingerol-rich ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract in iron-loaded Huh7 cells. Plants,12(16), 2936. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162936
Ding, Y., Wang, Y., Mao, X., Liu, Z., Wang, R., Guo, L., Fang, L., & Zhou, J. (2025). Improving the flavor components, metabolic characteristics, and antioxidant activity of American ginseng by lactic acid bacteria and yeast fermentation. LWT, 231, 118363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2025.118363
Gulcin, I., & Alwasel, S. H. (2023). DPPH radical scavenging assay. Processes, 11(8), 2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11082248
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Gupta, V., Sharma, M., Gupta, S. K., Javeria, S., Amin, Z., Ashraf, S., Khan, J. M., & Udavant, R. N. (2025). Metabolomic profiling of finger millet: unlocking the secrets of a nutritious staple food. Frontiers in Plant Science, 16, 1570787. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1570787
Gurning, K., & Haryadi, W. (2022). Potential antioxidants of secondary metabolite isolates ethyl acetate fraction Coleus amboinicus lour. leaves. ScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science, 39(5), 100–105. https://doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2022.266401
Gurning, K., Boangmanalu, R., Simanjuntak, H. A., Singarimbun, N., Rahmiati, R., & Lestari, W. (2020). Identification of secondary metabolites and antidiarrheal activity of pirdot leaves ethanol extract (Saurauia vulcani Korth.) from West Pakpak, North Sumatera province, Indonesia. Rasayan J. Chem, 13(4), 2385–2389. https://doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2020.1345984
Gurning, K., Haryadi, W., & Sastrohamidjojo, H. (2021). Isolation and characterization of antioxidant compounds of bangun-bangun (Coleus amboinicus, L.) leaves from North Sumatera, Indonesia. Rasayan J. Chem, 14(1), 248–253. https://doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2021.1416077
Gurning, K., Kurniawan, Y. S., Silitonga, F. S., Primahana, G., Astuti, E., & Haryadi, W. (2025). Exploration of isolated actives from Coleus amboinicus leaves as anticancer agents: in vitro testing, network pharmacology studies, and molecular docking. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 34445-. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17562-5
Gurning, K., Primahana, G., Astuti, E., & Haryadi, W. (2025). In vitro cytotoxic and molecular docking studies of the network pharmacology approach from bioactive compounds of Coleus amboinicus leaves against lung and breast cancer cells. Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2025(1), 5946648. https://doi.org/10.1155/ADPP/5946648
Gurning, K., Simanjuntak, H. A., Purba, H., Situmorang, R. F. R., Barus, L., & Silaban, S. (2021). Determination of total tannins and antibacterial activities ethanol extraction seri (Muntingia calabura L.) Leaves. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1811, 012121. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1811/1/012121
Gurning, K., Suratno, S., Astuti, E., & Haryadi, W. (2024). Untargeted LC/HRMS metabolomics analysis and anticancer activity assay on mcf-7 and a549 cells from coleus amboinicus lour leaf extract. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 23(1), e143494. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpr-143494
Hamed, M., Soliman, H. A. M., Said, R. E. M., Martyniuk, C. J., Osman, A. G. M., & Sayed, A. E. D. H. (2024). Oxidative stress, antioxidant defense responses, and histopathology: Biomarkers for monitoring exposure to pyrogallol in Clarias gariepinus. Journal of Environmental Management, 351, 119845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119845
Jiménez-Salcedo, M., Manzano, J. I., Yuste, S., Iñiguez, M., Pérez-Matute, P., & Motilva, M. J. (2025). Exploring biomarkers of regular wine consumption in human urine: Targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches. Food Chemistry, 469, 142128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.142128
Kurniawan, Y. S., Yudha, E., Gurning, K., Sholikhah, E. N., Pranowo, H. D., & Jumina. (2025). Evaluation of xanthone-cinnamates as novel antibacterial agents against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: In vitro and molecular docking insights. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1345, 143056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2025.143056
Liu, Y. T., Gong, P. H., Xiao, F. Q., Shao, S., Zhao, D. Q., Yan, M. M., & Yang, X. W. (2018). Chemical constituents and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities of Melilotus officinalis (Linn.) Pall. Molecules,23(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23020271
Lubis, M. F., Kaban, V. E., Gurning, K., Parhan, P., Syahputra, H., Juwita, N. A., Astyka, R., & Zulfansyah, I. (2023). Phytochemicals and biological activities of ethanolic extract of Garcinia atroviridis leaf grown in Indonesia. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences, 6(10), 2456–2469. https://doi.org/10.26655/jmchemsci.2023.10.20
Munteanu, I. G., & Apetrei, C. (2021). Analytical methods used in determining antioxidant activity: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(7), 3380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073380
Ncama, K., Malele, J., Govender, D. M., Anumanthoo, T., Moyo, M. (2025). Effectiveness of Common Extraction Solvents in Obtaining Antioxidant Compounds from African Medicinal Plants. Antioxidants, 14(2):1498. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121498
Peng, Q., Chang, R., Ma, L., & Li, Y. (2026). ABCC9 knockdown attenuates isoproterenol induced myocardial hypertrophy by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 33(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3892/MMR.2025.13770
Sinaga, S. P., Situmorang, R. F. R., Singarimbun, N., Lestari, W., & Gurning, K. (2023). Determination of total phytochemical compounds from ethanol extract nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) leaves and antioxidant activity from North Sumatera, Indonesia. Rasayan J. Chem, 16(1), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2023.1618113
Sivaperumal, P., Kamala, K., Ganapathy, D. M., Dharani, G., Sundarrajan, S., & Ramakrishna, S. (2023). Fabrication of AgNPs mediated fibrous membrane from Rhizophora mucronata mangrove plant extract for biological properties. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 86, 104710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104710
Syahrina, S., Asfianti, V., Gurning, K., & Iksen, I. (2020). Phytochemical screening and anti-hyperuricemia activity test in vivo of ethanolic extract of shallot (Allium cepa L.) skin. Borneo Journal of Pharmacy, 3(3), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v3I3.1365
Targema, M., Obi-Egbedi, N. O., & Adeoye, M. D. (2013). Molecular structure and solvent effects on the dipole moments and polarizabilities of some aniline derivatives. Computational and Theoretical Chemistry, 1012, 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2013.02.020
Tumilaar, S. G., Hardianto, A., Dohi, H., & Kurnia, D. (2024). A comprehensive review of free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: overview, clinical applications, global perspectives, future directions, and mechanisms of antioxidant activity of flavonoid compounds. Journal of Chemistry, 2024(1), 5594386. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5594386
Umashankari, J., Inbakandan, D., Ajithkumar, T. T., & Balasubramanian, T. (2012). Mangrove plant, Rhizophora mucronata (Lamk, 1804) mediated one pot green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity against aquatic pathogens. Aquatic Biosystems, 8(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-9063-8-11
Viana da Silva, M., Santos, M. R. C., Alves Silva, I. R., Macedo Viana, E. B., Dos Anjos, D. A., Santos, I. A., Barbosa de Lima, N. G., Wobeto, C., Jorge, N., & Lannes, S. C. D. S. (2022). Synthetic and natural antioxidants used in the oxidative stability of edible oils: an overview. Food Reviews International, 38(S1), 349–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2020.1869775
Vittaya, L., Charoendat, U., Janyong, S., Ui-eng, J., & Leesakul, N. (2022). Comparative analyses of saponin, phenolic, and flavonoid contents in various parts of Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora apiculata and their growth inhibition of aquatic pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 12,(11), 111–121. https://doi.org/10.7324/japs.2022.121113
Abubakar, A. R., Haque, M. (2020). Preparation of Medicinal Plants: Basic Extraction and Fractionation Procedures for Experimental Purposes. J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 12(1):1 – 10. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_175_19
Alharbi, K. S., Nadeem, M. S., Afzal, O., Alzarea, S. I., Altamimi, A. S. A., Almalki, W. H., Mubeen, B., Iftikhar, S., Shah, L., Kazmi, I., Alharbi, K. S., Nadeem, M. S., Afzal, O., Alzarea, S. I., Altamimi, A. S. A., Almalki, W. H., Mubeen, B., Iftikhar, S., Shah, L., & Kazmi, I. (2022). Gingerol, a natural antioxidant, attenuates hyperglycemia and downstream complications. Metabolites,12(12), 1274. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo12121274
Anggraeni, A. S., Alam, L. P. M., Utami, I. D., Khasanah, Y., Nurfahmi, L., Noviana, I. M. P., Windarsih, A., & Suratno. (2025). Untargeted metabolomic LC-HRMS combined with chemometric reveal metabolites change from Sorghum flakes affected by food processing. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 11, 101034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2024.101034
Aydoğan, C. (2020). Recent advances and applications in LC-HRMS for food and plant natural products: a critical review. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 412(9), 1973–1991. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00216-019-02328-6
Chandimali, N., Bak, S. G., Park, E. H., Lim, H. J., Won, Y. S., Kim, E. K., Park, S. I., & Lee, S. J. (2025). Free radicals and their impact on health and antioxidant defenses: a review. Cell Death Discovery, 11(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41420-024-02278-8
Chaudhary, P., Janmeda, P., Docea, A. O., Yeskaliyeva, B., Abdull Razis, A. F., Modu, B., Calina, D., & Sharifi-Rad, J. (2023). Oxidative stress, free radicals and antioxidants: potential crosstalk in the pathophysiology of human diseases. Frontiers in Chemistry, 11, 1158198. https://doi.org/10.3389/FCHEM.2023.1158198
Chaves, N., Santiago, A., & Alías, J. C. (2020). Quantification of the antioxidant activity of plant extracts: Analysis of sensitivity and hierarchization based on the method used. Antioxidants, 9(1), 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9010076
Chelliah, C. K., Murugan, M., Rajivgandhi, G., Gnanasekaran, C., Govindan, R., Maruthupandy, M., Quero, F., Arulraj, A., Viswanathan, M. R., Alharbi, N. S., & Alshammary, N. H. (2023). Phytochemical derivatives and secondary metabolites rich Rhizophora mucronata as an active anti-oxidant and anti-bacterial agent against multi drug resistant bacteria. Journal of King Saud University - Science, 35(8), 102912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2023.102912
Chen, X., Li, X., Xu, X., Li, L., Liang, N., Zhang, L., Lv, J., Wu, Y. C., & Yin, H. (2021). Ferroptosis and cardiovascular disease: role of free radical-induced lipid peroxidation. Free Radical Research, 55(4), 405–415. https://doi.org/10.1080/10715762.2021.1876856
Chuljerm, H., Paradee, N., Katekaew, D., Nantachai, P., Settakorn, K., Srichairatanakool, S., & Koonyosying, P. (2023). Iron chelation property, antioxidant activity, and hepatoprotective effect of 6-gingerol-rich ginger (Zingiber officinale) extract in iron-loaded Huh7 cells. Plants,12(16), 2936. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12162936
Ding, Y., Wang, Y., Mao, X., Liu, Z., Wang, R., Guo, L., Fang, L., & Zhou, J. (2025). Improving the flavor components, metabolic characteristics, and antioxidant activity of American ginseng by lactic acid bacteria and yeast fermentation. LWT, 231, 118363. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2025.118363
Gulcin, I., & Alwasel, S. H. (2023). DPPH radical scavenging assay. Processes, 11(8), 2248. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11082248
Gupta, A., Jeyakumar, E., & Lawrence, A. R. (2021). Pyrogallol: A competent therapeutic agent of the future. Biotech. Env. Sc, 23(2), 213–217.
Gupta, V., Sharma, M., Gupta, S. K., Javeria, S., Amin, Z., Ashraf, S., Khan, J. M., & Udavant, R. N. (2025). Metabolomic profiling of finger millet: unlocking the secrets of a nutritious staple food. Frontiers in Plant Science, 16, 1570787. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1570787
Gurning, K., & Haryadi, W. (2022). Potential antioxidants of secondary metabolite isolates ethyl acetate fraction Coleus amboinicus lour. leaves. ScienceRise: Pharmaceutical Science, 39(5), 100–105. https://doi.org/10.15587/2519-4852.2022.266401
Gurning, K., Boangmanalu, R., Simanjuntak, H. A., Singarimbun, N., Rahmiati, R., & Lestari, W. (2020). Identification of secondary metabolites and antidiarrheal activity of pirdot leaves ethanol extract (Saurauia vulcani Korth.) from West Pakpak, North Sumatera province, Indonesia. Rasayan J. Chem, 13(4), 2385–2389. https://doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2020.1345984
Gurning, K., Haryadi, W., & Sastrohamidjojo, H. (2021). Isolation and characterization of antioxidant compounds of bangun-bangun (Coleus amboinicus, L.) leaves from North Sumatera, Indonesia. Rasayan J. Chem, 14(1), 248–253. https://doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2021.1416077
Gurning, K., Kurniawan, Y. S., Silitonga, F. S., Primahana, G., Astuti, E., & Haryadi, W. (2025). Exploration of isolated actives from Coleus amboinicus leaves as anticancer agents: in vitro testing, network pharmacology studies, and molecular docking. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 34445-. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17562-5
Gurning, K., Primahana, G., Astuti, E., & Haryadi, W. (2025). In vitro cytotoxic and molecular docking studies of the network pharmacology approach from bioactive compounds of Coleus amboinicus leaves against lung and breast cancer cells. Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2025(1), 5946648. https://doi.org/10.1155/ADPP/5946648
Gurning, K., Simanjuntak, H. A., Purba, H., Situmorang, R. F. R., Barus, L., & Silaban, S. (2021). Determination of total tannins and antibacterial activities ethanol extraction seri (Muntingia calabura L.) Leaves. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1811, 012121. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1811/1/012121
Gurning, K., Suratno, S., Astuti, E., & Haryadi, W. (2024). Untargeted LC/HRMS metabolomics analysis and anticancer activity assay on mcf-7 and a549 cells from coleus amboinicus lour leaf extract. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 23(1), e143494. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijpr-143494
Hamed, M., Soliman, H. A. M., Said, R. E. M., Martyniuk, C. J., Osman, A. G. M., & Sayed, A. E. D. H. (2024). Oxidative stress, antioxidant defense responses, and histopathology: Biomarkers for monitoring exposure to pyrogallol in Clarias gariepinus. Journal of Environmental Management, 351, 119845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119845
Jiménez-Salcedo, M., Manzano, J. I., Yuste, S., Iñiguez, M., Pérez-Matute, P., & Motilva, M. J. (2025). Exploring biomarkers of regular wine consumption in human urine: Targeted and untargeted metabolomics approaches. Food Chemistry, 469, 142128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.142128
Kurniawan, Y. S., Yudha, E., Gurning, K., Sholikhah, E. N., Pranowo, H. D., & Jumina. (2025). Evaluation of xanthone-cinnamates as novel antibacterial agents against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli: In vitro and molecular docking insights. Journal of Molecular Structure, 1345, 143056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2025.143056
Liu, Y. T., Gong, P. H., Xiao, F. Q., Shao, S., Zhao, D. Q., Yan, M. M., & Yang, X. W. (2018). Chemical constituents and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor activities of Melilotus officinalis (Linn.) Pall. Molecules,23(2). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules23020271
Lubis, M. F., Kaban, V. E., Gurning, K., Parhan, P., Syahputra, H., Juwita, N. A., Astyka, R., & Zulfansyah, I. (2023). Phytochemicals and biological activities of ethanolic extract of Garcinia atroviridis leaf grown in Indonesia. Journal of Medicinal and Chemical Sciences, 6(10), 2456–2469. https://doi.org/10.26655/jmchemsci.2023.10.20
Munteanu, I. G., & Apetrei, C. (2021). Analytical methods used in determining antioxidant activity: A review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 22(7), 3380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073380
Ncama, K., Malele, J., Govender, D. M., Anumanthoo, T., Moyo, M. (2025). Effectiveness of Common Extraction Solvents in Obtaining Antioxidant Compounds from African Medicinal Plants. Antioxidants, 14(2):1498. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14121498
Peng, Q., Chang, R., Ma, L., & Li, Y. (2026). ABCC9 knockdown attenuates isoproterenol induced myocardial hypertrophy by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Molecular Medicine Reports, 33(2), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.3892/MMR.2025.13770
Sinaga, S. P., Situmorang, R. F. R., Singarimbun, N., Lestari, W., & Gurning, K. (2023). Determination of total phytochemical compounds from ethanol extract nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.) leaves and antioxidant activity from North Sumatera, Indonesia. Rasayan J. Chem, 16(1), 19–23. https://doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2023.1618113
Sivaperumal, P., Kamala, K., Ganapathy, D. M., Dharani, G., Sundarrajan, S., & Ramakrishna, S. (2023). Fabrication of AgNPs mediated fibrous membrane from Rhizophora mucronata mangrove plant extract for biological properties. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, 86, 104710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104710
Syahrina, S., Asfianti, V., Gurning, K., & Iksen, I. (2020). Phytochemical screening and anti-hyperuricemia activity test in vivo of ethanolic extract of shallot (Allium cepa L.) skin. Borneo Journal of Pharmacy, 3(3), 146–151. https://doi.org/10.33084/bjop.v3I3.1365
Targema, M., Obi-Egbedi, N. O., & Adeoye, M. D. (2013). Molecular structure and solvent effects on the dipole moments and polarizabilities of some aniline derivatives. Computational and Theoretical Chemistry, 1012, 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comptc.2013.02.020
Tumilaar, S. G., Hardianto, A., Dohi, H., & Kurnia, D. (2024). A comprehensive review of free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants: overview, clinical applications, global perspectives, future directions, and mechanisms of antioxidant activity of flavonoid compounds. Journal of Chemistry, 2024(1), 5594386. https://doi.org/10.1155/2024/5594386
Umashankari, J., Inbakandan, D., Ajithkumar, T. T., & Balasubramanian, T. (2012). Mangrove plant, Rhizophora mucronata (Lamk, 1804) mediated one pot green synthesis of silver nanoparticles and its antibacterial activity against aquatic pathogens. Aquatic Biosystems, 8(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-9063-8-11
Viana da Silva, M., Santos, M. R. C., Alves Silva, I. R., Macedo Viana, E. B., Dos Anjos, D. A., Santos, I. A., Barbosa de Lima, N. G., Wobeto, C., Jorge, N., & Lannes, S. C. D. S. (2022). Synthetic and natural antioxidants used in the oxidative stability of edible oils: an overview. Food Reviews International, 38(S1), 349–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/87559129.2020.1869775
Vittaya, L., Charoendat, U., Janyong, S., Ui-eng, J., & Leesakul, N. (2022). Comparative analyses of saponin, phenolic, and flavonoid contents in various parts of Rhizophora mucronata and Rhizophora apiculata and their growth inhibition of aquatic pathogenic bacteria. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, 12,(11), 111–121. https://doi.org/10.7324/japs.2022.121113
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Silitonga, F., Gurning, K., Suherman, S. and Siswanta, D. (2026) “Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Using LC-HRMS and Antioxidant Potential Test of Rhizophora mucronata Leaves: in vitro, Bioinformatic, and Molecular Docking Studies”, International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 9(2), pp. 230-242. doi: https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2026.v09i02.018.
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Research Articles
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