Herbal Antivenins as an Eye Opener Towards Snake Envenomation
Abstract
Snakebites are the most neglected health problem in India. Antivenoms are used in treatment, but since they are mostly unavailable, the mortality rate is even higher in rural areas. The currently available antivenoms are monovalent and polyvalent and are effective against four common snakes in India. In this article, we have reviewed the herbal antivenoms against specific snake species along with their in vitro and in vivo studies and the phytochemicals responsible for antivenom activity. These phytochemicals have been scientifically proven to neutralize the effects of deadly snake venoms and can be used as an adjunct to anti snake venom therapy or can be effectively used to provide proper first aid in snake bite cases to decrease the mortality rates. Studies have been conducted on plant extracts to explore their antivenom activity along with anti myotoxic, anti haemorraghic as well as anti inflammatory activity. These herbs are used ethnopharmacologically by traditional healers for snake envenomations. The review here is a comprehensive approach to the phytochemicals having anti venom activity, however, further studies are needed to gain in-depth knowledge.
Keywords:
Antivenoms, Ethnopharmacology, Herbal antidotes, Snakebites
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References
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Alangode, A., Rajan, K., & Nair, B. G. (2020). Snake Antivenom: Challenges and alternate approaches. Biochemical Pharmacology, 181, 114-135.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114135
Barma, A. D., Mohanty, J. P., & Bhuyan, N. R. (2014). A review on antivenom activity of medicinal plants. International Journal of Pharmaceutial Sciences and Research, 5(5), 1612-1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.5(5).1612-15.
Bhattacherjee, D., Das, A., Das, S. K., & Chakraborthy, G. S. (2011). Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn: A Review. Journal of Advances in Pharmacy and Health Research, 1(3), 82-85. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233955562_Clerodendrum_Infortunatum_Linn_A_Review
Bulfone, T. C., Samuel, S. P., Bickler, P. E., & Lein, M. R. (2018). Developing small molecule therapeutics for the initial and adjunctive treatment of snake bite. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2018%2F4320175
Chacko, N., Ibrahim, M., Shetty, P., & Shastry, C. S. (2012). Evaluation of Antivenom activity of Calotropis gigantea plant extract against Viper Russelli snake venom. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(7), 2272–2279. http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.3(7).2272-79
Costa, T. R., Francisco, A. F., & Cardoso, F. F. (2021). Gallic acid antimyotoxic activity and mechanism of action, a snake venom phospholipase A2 toxin inhibitor isolated from medicinal plant Anacardium humile. International Journal of Biological Molecules, 187, 494–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.163
Goutham, Y. J., Mahadeswarasamy, Y. H., Girish, K. S., & Kemparaju, K. (2014). Crossreactivity and neutralization of Indian King Cobra by polyvalent and monovalent antivenoms. International Immunopharmacology, 21(1), 148–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2014.04.012
Janardhan, B., Shrikanth, V. M., More, S. S., & Mirajkar, K. K. (2014). In vitro screening and evaluation of antivenom phytochemicals from Azima tetracantha Lam. Leaves against Bungarus caeruleus and Vipera russelli. Journal of Venomous animals and Toxins including Tropical diseases, 20(12), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1678-9199-20-12
Krishnan, A. S., Kumar, D. R., Nair, A. S., & Oommen, V. O. (2014). Studies on neutralizing effect of Ophiorrhiza mungos root extract against Daboia Russelii venom. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151(1), 543–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.010
Malathi, R., Kaviyarasan, D., & Chandrasekar, S. (2019). Evaluation of in-vitro anti snake venom activity of Justicia adhatoda leaves extract against Russells viper snake venom. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics, 9(2), 116-122. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4.3116
Maria, C. S., Stephanie, S., Virgilio, C., Raymond, S., Ira, A., Francisco, C., & Glenn, G. (2021). Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Antivenom activity of Alstonia parviflolia bark. Asia Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 11(10), 460–486. https://www.apjtb.org/article.asp?issn=2221-1691
Meenatchisundaram, S., Parameswari, G., & Michael, A. (2009). Studies on Antivenom activity of Andrographis paniculata and Aristolachia indica plant extracts against Daboia Russelii venom by in-vivo and in-vitro methods. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 2(4), 76–79. https://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2009/v2i4.9
Modi, A. J., Khadabadi, S. S., Deore, S. L., & Kubde, M.S. (2010). Antioxidant effects of leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 1(4), 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.1(4).67-72
More, V., Muhsinah, A.B., & Latha, G. S. (2022). Evaluation of anti venom potential of Areca catechu seed extract on Bungarus caeruleus venom. Separations, 9, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9110360
Mundhe, P.D., Pawade, B. S., Waykar, I. G., Shaik, I. K., Ambawade, P. D., & Kashikar, V. S. (2021). Assessment of snake venom activity of Tamarindus indica seed coat extract. International Journal Advanced Research, 9(9), 489-497. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/13438
Omara, T., Kagoya, S., & Openy, A. (2020). Antivenin plants used for treatment of snakebites in Uganda: ethnobotanical reports and pharmacological evidences. Tropical Medicine and Health, 48(6), 2-16.https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-019-0187-0
Rajesh, K. S., Bhat, A., & Raghavan, R. (2021). Evaluation of antivenom activity of Cassia alata leaf extract against Daboia Russelii venom. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 33(38A), 288-298. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i38A32088
Salwe, K. J., Manimekalai, K., Pathak, S., Bhramane, R., & Premendran, S. J. (2011). Anticobra venom activity of plant Andrographis paniculata and its comparison with polyvalent antisnake venom. Journal of Natural science , Biology and Medicine, 2(2), 198-204. https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0976-9668.92326
Sani, I., Fakai, B.I. M., & Abdulhamid, A. (2020). Evaluation of Anti Snake venom activities of some medicinal plants using Albino rats. Scholars Middle East Publishers, 3(6), 111–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijtcm.2020.v03i06.001
Sani I., Rabiyu, U. A., Hassan, S. W., Faruq, U. Z., & Bello, F. (2020). Lethality of Naja Nigricolis, Rein Hardt venom and antivenom activity of Azadirachta Indica A. Juss. Leaf extracts on albino rats. G S C Biological and Pharmaceutical sciences, 12(02), 80-92. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.12.2.0244
Shabbir, A., Shahzad, M., Masci, P., & Gobe, G. C. (2014). Protective activity of medicinal plants and their isolated compounds against the toxic effects from the venom of Naja species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 157, 222–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.039
Shekins, O., Anyanwu, G. O., Nmadu, P. M., & Olowoniyi, O. D. (2014). Antivenom activity of Mucuna pruriens leaves extract against Cobra snake venom. International Journal of Biochemistry Research, 4(6), 470–480. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJBCRR/2014/10394
Shenoy, P. A., Nipate, S. S., Sonpetkar, J. M., Waghmare, A. B., & Chaudhari, P. D. (2013). Anti snake venom activity of the ethanolic extract of fruits of Piper longum L. (Piperacea) against Russells viper venom, Characterisation of piperine as active principle. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 147(2), 373–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.022
Sulochana, A. K., Raveendran, D., Krishnamma, A. P., & Oommen, O. V. (2015). Ethnomedicinal plants used for snake envenomation by folk traditional practitioners from Kallar forest region of south western ghats, Kerala, India. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 4(1), 47-51. https://doi.org/10.5455%2Fjice.20141010122750
Suraweera, S., Warell, D., Whitaker, R., Menon, G., Rodrigues, R., Hang, F., & Begum, R. (2020). Trends in snake bite deaths in India from 2000 to 2019 in a nationally representative study. E life, 9, 1-37. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.54076
Soni, P., & Bodakhe, S. H. (2014). Anti venom potential of ethanolic extract of Cordia mcleodii bark against Naja venom. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4, 449-454. https://:10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1048
Thwin, M. M., Samy, R. P., Satyanarayanajois, S. D., & Gopalakrishnakone, P. (2010). Venom neutralization by purified bioactive molecules: Synthetic peptide derivatives of the endogenous PLA2 inhibitory protein PIP; A mini Review. Toxicon, 56(7), 1275–1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.12.023
Upasani, M. S., Upasani, S V., Beldar, V. G., Beldar, G. C., & Gujarathi, P. P. (2018). Infrequent use of Medicinal plants from India in snake bite treatment. Integrative Medical Research, 7, 9-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2017.10.003
Vasudev, S., More, V. S., Ananthraju, K S., & More, S. S. (2021). Potential herbal cocktail of medicinal plants extracts against big four snake venoms from India. Journal of of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 12, 458–464. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaim.2021.04.006
Venkatesh, S., & Sreelakshmi, S. S. (2019). Anti snake venom activity of the leaves and stem bark extract of Alstonia venenata R. Br. by in-vitro and in-vivo methods in swiss albino mice, EASP Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 1(6), 153-159.https://EASJPP_16_153-159_3UsNlfX%20(2).pdf
Wang, J. H., Luan, F., Dong, He X., Wang, Y., & Xing, Li M. (2018). Traditional uses and Pharmacological properties of Clerodendrum phytochemicals. Journal of Traditional Complementary Medicine, 8(1), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.04.001
Whitaker, S. (2006). Analysis of snake bite data from Pappinisseri Vishachikilsa society, Kannur, Kerala. Calicut Medical Journal, 4(2),e2. http://www.calicutmedicaljournal.org/2006/4/2/e2
World Health Organization. (2017). The world health report 2017 : Snake bite in India. World Health Organization. Available from :https://www.who.int/india/health-topics/snakebite
Yadav, V., Krishnan, A., & Vohora, D. (2020). A systematic review on Piper longum binding traditional knowledge and pharmacological evidence for future translational research. Journal of Ethnopharmacolgy, 247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112255
Adriao, X. A., Santos, A. O., Lima, E. J. S. P., Maciel, J. B., & Paz, W. H. P. (2022). Plant derived Toxin inhibitors as Potential Candidates to complement antivenom treatment in snakebite envenomations. Frontiers in Immunology, 13, 76–104. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.842576
Alangode, A., Rajan, K., & Nair, B. G. (2020). Snake Antivenom: Challenges and alternate approaches. Biochemical Pharmacology, 181, 114-135.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114135
Barma, A. D., Mohanty, J. P., & Bhuyan, N. R. (2014). A review on antivenom activity of medicinal plants. International Journal of Pharmaceutial Sciences and Research, 5(5), 1612-1615. http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.5(5).1612-15.
Bhattacherjee, D., Das, A., Das, S. K., & Chakraborthy, G. S. (2011). Clerodendrum infortunatum Linn: A Review. Journal of Advances in Pharmacy and Health Research, 1(3), 82-85. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233955562_Clerodendrum_Infortunatum_Linn_A_Review
Bulfone, T. C., Samuel, S. P., Bickler, P. E., & Lein, M. R. (2018). Developing small molecule therapeutics for the initial and adjunctive treatment of snake bite. Journal of Tropical Medicine, 1(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2018%2F4320175
Chacko, N., Ibrahim, M., Shetty, P., & Shastry, C. S. (2012). Evaluation of Antivenom activity of Calotropis gigantea plant extract against Viper Russelli snake venom. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 3(7), 2272–2279. http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.3(7).2272-79
Costa, T. R., Francisco, A. F., & Cardoso, F. F. (2021). Gallic acid antimyotoxic activity and mechanism of action, a snake venom phospholipase A2 toxin inhibitor isolated from medicinal plant Anacardium humile. International Journal of Biological Molecules, 187, 494–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.06.163
Goutham, Y. J., Mahadeswarasamy, Y. H., Girish, K. S., & Kemparaju, K. (2014). Crossreactivity and neutralization of Indian King Cobra by polyvalent and monovalent antivenoms. International Immunopharmacology, 21(1), 148–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2014.04.012
Janardhan, B., Shrikanth, V. M., More, S. S., & Mirajkar, K. K. (2014). In vitro screening and evaluation of antivenom phytochemicals from Azima tetracantha Lam. Leaves against Bungarus caeruleus and Vipera russelli. Journal of Venomous animals and Toxins including Tropical diseases, 20(12), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1678-9199-20-12
Krishnan, A. S., Kumar, D. R., Nair, A. S., & Oommen, V. O. (2014). Studies on neutralizing effect of Ophiorrhiza mungos root extract against Daboia Russelii venom. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 151(1), 543–547. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.11.010
Malathi, R., Kaviyarasan, D., & Chandrasekar, S. (2019). Evaluation of in-vitro anti snake venom activity of Justicia adhatoda leaves extract against Russells viper snake venom. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics, 9(2), 116-122. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4.3116
Maria, C. S., Stephanie, S., Virgilio, C., Raymond, S., Ira, A., Francisco, C., & Glenn, G. (2021). Antioxidant, Cytotoxic and Antivenom activity of Alstonia parviflolia bark. Asia Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 11(10), 460–486. https://www.apjtb.org/article.asp?issn=2221-1691
Meenatchisundaram, S., Parameswari, G., & Michael, A. (2009). Studies on Antivenom activity of Andrographis paniculata and Aristolachia indica plant extracts against Daboia Russelii venom by in-vivo and in-vitro methods. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 2(4), 76–79. https://dx.doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2009/v2i4.9
Modi, A. J., Khadabadi, S. S., Deore, S. L., & Kubde, M.S. (2010). Antioxidant effects of leaves of Clerodendrum infortunatum. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 1(4), 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.1(4).67-72
More, V., Muhsinah, A.B., & Latha, G. S. (2022). Evaluation of anti venom potential of Areca catechu seed extract on Bungarus caeruleus venom. Separations, 9, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/separations9110360
Mundhe, P.D., Pawade, B. S., Waykar, I. G., Shaik, I. K., Ambawade, P. D., & Kashikar, V. S. (2021). Assessment of snake venom activity of Tamarindus indica seed coat extract. International Journal Advanced Research, 9(9), 489-497. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/13438
Omara, T., Kagoya, S., & Openy, A. (2020). Antivenin plants used for treatment of snakebites in Uganda: ethnobotanical reports and pharmacological evidences. Tropical Medicine and Health, 48(6), 2-16.https://doi.org/10.1186/s41182-019-0187-0
Rajesh, K. S., Bhat, A., & Raghavan, R. (2021). Evaluation of antivenom activity of Cassia alata leaf extract against Daboia Russelii venom. Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 33(38A), 288-298. https://doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i38A32088
Salwe, K. J., Manimekalai, K., Pathak, S., Bhramane, R., & Premendran, S. J. (2011). Anticobra venom activity of plant Andrographis paniculata and its comparison with polyvalent antisnake venom. Journal of Natural science , Biology and Medicine, 2(2), 198-204. https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0976-9668.92326
Sani, I., Fakai, B.I. M., & Abdulhamid, A. (2020). Evaluation of Anti Snake venom activities of some medicinal plants using Albino rats. Scholars Middle East Publishers, 3(6), 111–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/sijtcm.2020.v03i06.001
Sani I., Rabiyu, U. A., Hassan, S. W., Faruq, U. Z., & Bello, F. (2020). Lethality of Naja Nigricolis, Rein Hardt venom and antivenom activity of Azadirachta Indica A. Juss. Leaf extracts on albino rats. G S C Biological and Pharmaceutical sciences, 12(02), 80-92. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2020.12.2.0244
Shabbir, A., Shahzad, M., Masci, P., & Gobe, G. C. (2014). Protective activity of medicinal plants and their isolated compounds against the toxic effects from the venom of Naja species. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 157, 222–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.039
Shekins, O., Anyanwu, G. O., Nmadu, P. M., & Olowoniyi, O. D. (2014). Antivenom activity of Mucuna pruriens leaves extract against Cobra snake venom. International Journal of Biochemistry Research, 4(6), 470–480. https://doi.org/10.9734/IJBCRR/2014/10394
Shenoy, P. A., Nipate, S. S., Sonpetkar, J. M., Waghmare, A. B., & Chaudhari, P. D. (2013). Anti snake venom activity of the ethanolic extract of fruits of Piper longum L. (Piperacea) against Russells viper venom, Characterisation of piperine as active principle. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 147(2), 373–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.03.022
Sulochana, A. K., Raveendran, D., Krishnamma, A. P., & Oommen, O. V. (2015). Ethnomedicinal plants used for snake envenomation by folk traditional practitioners from Kallar forest region of south western ghats, Kerala, India. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, 4(1), 47-51. https://doi.org/10.5455%2Fjice.20141010122750
Suraweera, S., Warell, D., Whitaker, R., Menon, G., Rodrigues, R., Hang, F., & Begum, R. (2020). Trends in snake bite deaths in India from 2000 to 2019 in a nationally representative study. E life, 9, 1-37. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.54076
Soni, P., & Bodakhe, S. H. (2014). Anti venom potential of ethanolic extract of Cordia mcleodii bark against Naja venom. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 4, 449-454. https://:10.12980/APJTB.4.2014C1048
Thwin, M. M., Samy, R. P., Satyanarayanajois, S. D., & Gopalakrishnakone, P. (2010). Venom neutralization by purified bioactive molecules: Synthetic peptide derivatives of the endogenous PLA2 inhibitory protein PIP; A mini Review. Toxicon, 56(7), 1275–1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.12.023
Upasani, M. S., Upasani, S V., Beldar, V. G., Beldar, G. C., & Gujarathi, P. P. (2018). Infrequent use of Medicinal plants from India in snake bite treatment. Integrative Medical Research, 7, 9-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imr.2017.10.003
Vasudev, S., More, V. S., Ananthraju, K S., & More, S. S. (2021). Potential herbal cocktail of medicinal plants extracts against big four snake venoms from India. Journal of of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 12, 458–464. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jaim.2021.04.006
Venkatesh, S., & Sreelakshmi, S. S. (2019). Anti snake venom activity of the leaves and stem bark extract of Alstonia venenata R. Br. by in-vitro and in-vivo methods in swiss albino mice, EASP Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 1(6), 153-159.https://EASJPP_16_153-159_3UsNlfX%20(2).pdf
Wang, J. H., Luan, F., Dong, He X., Wang, Y., & Xing, Li M. (2018). Traditional uses and Pharmacological properties of Clerodendrum phytochemicals. Journal of Traditional Complementary Medicine, 8(1), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.04.001
Whitaker, S. (2006). Analysis of snake bite data from Pappinisseri Vishachikilsa society, Kannur, Kerala. Calicut Medical Journal, 4(2),e2. http://www.calicutmedicaljournal.org/2006/4/2/e2
World Health Organization. (2017). The world health report 2017 : Snake bite in India. World Health Organization. Available from :https://www.who.int/india/health-topics/snakebite
Yadav, V., Krishnan, A., & Vohora, D. (2020). A systematic review on Piper longum binding traditional knowledge and pharmacological evidence for future translational research. Journal of Ethnopharmacolgy, 247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112255
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How to Cite
D K, V., Ruby, S., Kumar, M., P N, S., & B, V. (2024). Herbal Antivenins as an Eye Opener Towards Snake Envenomation. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 7(4), 1-11. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2024.v07i04.001
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