Risk Factors for Progression of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection to Hepato Cellular Carcinoma (HCC)
Abstract
Chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is closely associated with cirrhosis and with the prospective risk of Hepato-Cellular-Carcinoma (HCC). The long-term duration required for HCV transforming into HCC necessitates thorough study of various co-morbidities associated with HCV patients, some of which may act as predictors of HCC. Present paper reports co-morbidities among HCV patients. This is a hospital-based study. The patients reporting to Outdoor Patient Department (OPD) of Sharda hospital, Greater Noida, UP, India were enrolled for the study. Total number of 134 HCV positive patients were studied for the parameters pertaining to Liver Function Test (LFT), Kidney Function Test (KFT), Complete Blood Count (CBC). Of the 134 patients included in the study 31.34% were smokers and alcoholics and reported to the hospital with complaints of abdominal pain. Few patients (1.49%) presented the evidence of Chronic Liver Disease and/or cirrhosis. Among 61.9% patients high SGOT levels than normal and among 38.8% patients high SGPT levels were observed. Kidney function parameters viz; high levels of chloride are 29.85% of study subjects and higher levels of uric acid was observed in 18.6% of study subjects. In 55.55% of patients low levels of Hb was observed. Our study shows a parallel trend of abnormal parameters in the LFT, KFT and CBC parameters of HCV patients. The important lead is the simultaneous dysfunction of liver and kidney impacting upon haemoglobin which may lead to seriousness of respiratory efficiency caused due to low haemoglobin.
Keywords:
Hepatitis C virus, Hepato-cellular carcinoma, Hematology
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References
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Negro, F. (2020). Natural history of hepatic and extrahepatic hepatitis C virus diseases and impact of interferon-free HCV therapy. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 10(4), 036921. https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a036921
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Rasheed, H., Khawar, M., Sohail, A., Aman, S., Afzal, A., Hamid, S., Shahzaman, S., Abbasi, M., Sheikh, N., Shah, S., Nawaz, B., Tanveer, S., & Riasat, M. (2022). Altered Hematological Parameters in HCV Infection: A Diagnostic Approach. Asian Journal of Health Sciences, 8(2), ID46. https://doi.org/10.15419/ajhs.v8i2.517
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Stasi, C., Milli, C., Voller, F., & Silvestri, C. (2024). The Epidemiology of Chronic Hepatitis C: Where We Are Now. Livers, 4(2), 172-181. https://doi.org/10.3390/livers4020013
Stella, L., Santopaolo, F., Gasbarrini, A., Pompili, M., & Ponziani, F.R. (2022). Viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: From molecular pathways to the role of clinical surveillance and antiviral treatment. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 28(21), 2251. https://doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v28.i21.2251
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Tan, A., Yeh, S. H., Liu, C. J., Cheung, C., & Chen, P. J. (2008). Viral hepatocarcinogenesis: from infection to cancer. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 28(2), 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01652.x .
Teng, Y. C., Shen, Z. Q., Kao, C. H., & Tsai, T. F. (2016). Hepatocellular carcinoma mouse models: Hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocarcinogenesis and haploinsufficient tumor suppressor genes. World journal of gastroenterology, 22(1), 300–325. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.300
Tsai, M. H., Lin, K. H., Lin, K. T., Hung, C. M., Cheng, H. S., Tyan, Y. C., Huang, H. W., Sanno-Duanda, B., Yang, M. H., Yuan, S. S. & Chu, P. Y. (2015). Predictors for Early Identification of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. BioMed research international, 429290. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/429290 .
Vescovo, T., Refolo, G., Vitagliano, G., Fimia, G. M., & Piacentini, M. (2016). Molecular mechanisms of hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical microbiology and infection: the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 22(10), 853–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2016.07.019 .
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World Health Organization. Hepatitus C. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c
Yoo, H.W., Park, J.Y., Kim, S.G., Jung, Y.K., Lee, S.H., Kim, M.Y., Jun, D.W., Jang, J.Y., Lee, J.W. & Kwon, O.S. (2022). Regression of liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma development after HCV eradication with oral antiviral agents. Scientific reports, 12(1), 193. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03272-1
Bandiera, S., Billie Bian, C., Hoshida, Y., Baumert, T. F., & Zeisel, M. B. (2016). Chronic hepatitis C virus infection and pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Current opinion in virology, 20, 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2016.09.010 .
Blach, S., Zeuzem, S., Manns, M., Altraif, I., Duberg, A.S., Muljono, D.H., Waked, I., Alavian, S.M., Lee, M.H., Negro, F. & Abaalkhail, F. (2017). Global prevalence and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus infection in 2015: a modelling study. The lancet Gastroenterology & hepatology, 2(3), 161-176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(1630181-9
Donato, F., Tagger, A., Gelatti, U., Parrinello, G., Boffetta, P., Albertini, A., Decarli, A., Trevisi, P., Ribero, M. L., Martelli, C., Porru, S., & Nardi, G. (2002). Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma: the effect of lifetime intake and hepatitis virus infections in men and women. American journal of epidemiology, 155(4), 323–331. https://doi.org/10.10D93/aje/155.4.323 .
El-Serag H. B. (2002). Hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatitis C in the United States. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), 36(5 Suppl 1), S74–S83. https://doi.org/10.1053/jhep.2002.36807 .
Fiehn, F., Beisel, C. & Binder, M. (2024). Hepatitis C virus and hepatocellular carcinoma: carcinogenesis in the era of direct-acting antivirals. Current Opinion in Virology, 67,101423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coviro.2024.101423
Grakoui, A., Pawlotsky, J.M. & Randall, G. eds., (2020). Hepatitis C Virus: The Story of a Scientific and Therapeutic Revolution. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. https://perspectivesinmedicine.cshlp.org/site/misc/hepatitis_c_virus_the_story_of_a_scientific_and_therapeutic_revolution.xhtml
Hoshida, Y., Fuchs, B. C., Bardeesy, N., Baumert, T. F., & Chung, R. T. (2014). Pathogenesis and prevention of hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Journal of hepatology, 61(1 Suppl), S79–S90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2014.07.010 .
Kamal S. M. (2008). Acute hepatitis C: a systematic review. The American journal of gastroenterology, 103(5), 1283–1298. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2008.01825.x .
Luna-Cuadros, M.A., Chen, H.W., Hanif, H., Ali, M.J., Khan, M.M. & Lau, D.T.Y. (2022). Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma after hepatitis C virus cure. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 28(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v28.i1.96
Martinello, M., Solomon, S.S., Terault, N.A., & Dore, G.J. (2023). Hepatitis C. Lancet, 402, 1085-1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01320-X
Mathw, S., Ali, A., Abdel-Hafiz, H., Fatima, K., Suhail, M., Archunan, G., Begum, N., Jahangir, S., Ilyas, M., Chaudhary, A. G., Al Qahtani, M., Mohamad Bazarah, S., & Qadri, I. (2014). Biomarkers for virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Infection, genetics and evolution :journal of molecular epidemiology and evolutionary genetics in infectious diseases, 26, 327–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2014.06.014
Monsour Jr, H.P., Asham, E., McFadden, R.S., Victor III, D.W., Muthuswamy, B. & Zaheer, I. (2013).Hepatocellular carcinoma: the rising tide from east to west—a review of epidemiology, screening and tumor markers. Translational Cancer Research, 2(6). https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2218-676X.2013.12.01
Negro, F. (2020). Natural history of hepatic and extrahepatic hepatitis C virus diseases and impact of interferon-free HCV therapy. Cold Spring Harbor perspectives in medicine, 10(4), 036921. https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fcshperspect.a036921
Olariu, M., Olariu, C., & Olteanu, D. (2010). Thrombocytopenia in chronic hepatitis C. Journal of gastrointestinal and liver diseases, 19(4), 381–385, https://www.jgld.ro/jgld/index.php/jgld/article/view/2010.4.7
Rasheed, H., Khawar, M., Sohail, A., Aman, S., Afzal, A., Hamid, S., Shahzaman, S., Abbasi, M., Sheikh, N., Shah, S., Nawaz, B., Tanveer, S., & Riasat, M. (2022). Altered Hematological Parameters in HCV Infection: A Diagnostic Approach. Asian Journal of Health Sciences, 8(2), ID46. https://doi.org/10.15419/ajhs.v8i2.517
Rehman, A.U., Ali, F., Ali, M., Alam, I., & Khan, A.W. (2016.) Changes in haematological parameters with pegylated interferon in chronic hepatitis C virus infected patients. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 17(5), 2485–90, http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2016.17.5.24
Shalimar, P.S., Gupta, H., Bansal, B., Elhence, A., Krishna Kishore, R. V., & Goel, A. (2022). A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Hepatitis C Virus Infection Among Low-Risk Population in India. Journal of clinical and experimental hepatology, 12(6), 1438–1444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jceh.2022.06.003
Stasi, C., Milli, C., Voller, F., & Silvestri, C. (2024). The Epidemiology of Chronic Hepatitis C: Where We Are Now. Livers, 4(2), 172-181. https://doi.org/10.3390/livers4020013
Stella, L., Santopaolo, F., Gasbarrini, A., Pompili, M., & Ponziani, F.R. (2022). Viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma: From molecular pathways to the role of clinical surveillance and antiviral treatment. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 28(21), 2251. https://doi.org/10.3748%2Fwjg.v28.i21.2251
Stroffolini, T. & Stroffolini, G. (2023). A historical overview on the role of hepatitis B and C viruses as aetiological factors for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancers, 15(8), 2388 https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15082388
Tan, A., Yeh, S. H., Liu, C. J., Cheung, C., & Chen, P. J. (2008). Viral hepatocarcinogenesis: from infection to cancer. Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver, 28(2), 175–188. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01652.x .
Teng, Y. C., Shen, Z. Q., Kao, C. H., & Tsai, T. F. (2016). Hepatocellular carcinoma mouse models: Hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocarcinogenesis and haploinsufficient tumor suppressor genes. World journal of gastroenterology, 22(1), 300–325. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.300
Tsai, M. H., Lin, K. H., Lin, K. T., Hung, C. M., Cheng, H. S., Tyan, Y. C., Huang, H. W., Sanno-Duanda, B., Yang, M. H., Yuan, S. S. & Chu, P. Y. (2015). Predictors for Early Identification of Hepatitis C Virus Infection. BioMed research international, 429290. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/429290 .
Vescovo, T., Refolo, G., Vitagliano, G., Fimia, G. M., & Piacentini, M. (2016). Molecular mechanisms of hepatitis C virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma. Clinical microbiology and infection: the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 22(10), 853–861. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2016.07.019 .
World Health Organization. (2022) Global Health Sector Strategies on, Respectively, HIV, Viral Hepatitis and Sexually Transmitted Infections for the Period 2022–2030. Available at : https://www.who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/strategies/global-health-sector-strategies Accessed on 9th January 2024.
World Health Organization. Hepatitus C. https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c
Yoo, H.W., Park, J.Y., Kim, S.G., Jung, Y.K., Lee, S.H., Kim, M.Y., Jun, D.W., Jang, J.Y., Lee, J.W. & Kwon, O.S. (2022). Regression of liver fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma development after HCV eradication with oral antiviral agents. Scientific reports, 12(1), 193. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03272-1
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How to Cite
Peer, N., Joshi, V., Angel, A., Angel, B., & Buvvaji, S. (2024). Risk Factors for Progression of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Infection to Hepato Cellular Carcinoma (HCC). International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 7(4), 146-156. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2024.v07i04.013
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