Floristic Composition and Species Richness of Mangrove Ecosystems in Pantai Panjang – Pulau Baai Nature Park, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia
Abstract
Bengkulu Province is located in a coastal area with numerous mangroves. Pantai Panjang –Pulau Baai Nature Park is one of the mangrove regions in Bengkulu City. This study aims to analyze the floristic composition and species richness of mangrove ecosystems in Pantai Panjang-Pulau Baai Nature Park, Bengkulu City. Three stations with diverse ecological conditions were sampled using the transect lines method. Nested observation plots were made along the transect line with a size of 10mx10m for tree strata, 5mx5m for sapling strata, and 1mx1m for seedling strata.103 plots were established across the three stations to identify species and the number of individual mangrove plants, diameter measurement, soil pH, salinity, and substrate type. The analysis found 1741 mangrove plants from 8 species of true mangrove plants belonging to 6 families. The most common species found was Rhizhopora mucronata which belongs to the Rhizophoraceae family. Casuarina equisetifolia, a species discovered at Station 1, is categorized as a coastal rather than a mangrove plant. The species diversity index (Shannon-Wiener) at the three stations is moderate. The species richness index, however, is low at all three stations. The index of species evenness is high across all three stations, except for the seedling stratum at Station 3, where it is moderate. The study found that the soil pH levels ranged between 5.3 and 6, while the salinity levels ranged from 4.3 to 9.3. The substrate types were identified as muddy and sandy mud.
Keywords:
diversity, evenness, mangrove, richness
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References
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Spalding M, Kainuma M, Collins L. (2010). World atlas of mangroves.A collaborative project of ITTO, ISME, FAO, UNE. -WCMC, UNESCO-MAB, UNU-INWEH and TNC, Earth Scan, London, 319 p
Sreelekshmi, S., Nandan, S. B., Kaimal, S. V., Radhakrishnan, C. K., & Suresh, V. R. (2020). Mangrove species diversity, stand structure and zonation pattern in relation to environmental factors—A case study at Sundarban delta, east coast of India. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 35, 101111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101111.
Thomas, N., Lucas, R., Bunting, P., Hardy, A., Rosenqvist, A., & Simard, M. (2017). Distribution and drivers of global mangrove forest change, 1996–2010. PloS one, 12(6), e0179302. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179302
Barbier, E. B., Hacker, S. D., Kennedy, C., Koch, E. W., Stier, A. C., & Silliman, B. R. (2011). The value of estuarine and coastal ecosystem services. Ecological monographs, 81(2), 169-193. https://doi.org/10.1890/10-1510.1
Bengen DG. (2001). Technical guide for sampling and identifying biophysic resources in coastal area.Center of Coastal Land Resource.University of IPB, Bogor, Indonesia. (In Indonesian)
Blankespoor, B., Dasgupta, S., & Lange, G. M. (2017). Mangroves as a protection from storm surges in a changing climate. Ambio, 46(4), 478-491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0838-x
Breithaupt, Joshua L., Joseph M. Smoak, Thomas J. Smith III, Christian J. Sanders, and Armando Hoare. "Organic carbon burial rates in mangrove sediments: Strengthening the global budget." Global Biogeochemical Cycles 26, no. 3 (2012)..http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012GB004375.
Curtis, J. T., & McIntosh, R. P. (1951). An upland forest continuum in the prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin. Ecology, 32(3), 476-496. https://doi.org/10.2307/1931725
Donato, D. C., Kauffman, J. B., Murdiyarso, D., Kurnianto, S., Stidham, M., & Kanninen, M. (2011). Mangroves among the most carbon-rich forests in the tropics. Nature geoscience, 4(5), 293-297. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1123
Donato, D. C., Kauffman, J. B., Murdiyarso, D., Kurnianto, S., Stidham, M., & Kanninen, M. (2012). Mangrove adalah salah satu hutan terkaya karbon di kawasan tropis. Brief Cifor, 12, 1-10. http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/infobrie f/3773-infobrief.pdf.
Giri, C., Ochieng, E., Tieszen, L. L., Zhu, Z., Singh, A., Loveland, T., ... & Duke, N. (2011). Status and distribution of mangrove forests of the world using earth observation satellite data. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 20(1), 154-159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2010.00584.x
Graudal, L., Aravanopoulos, F., Bennadji, Z., Changtragoon, S., Fady, B., Kjær, E. D., ... & Vendramin, G. G. (2014). Global to local genetic diversity indicators of evolutionary potential in tree species within and outside forests. Forest Ecology and Management, 333, 35-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.05.002
Hamilton, S. E., & Casey, D. (2016). Creation of a high spatio‐temporal resolution global database of continuous mangrove forest cover for the 21st century (CGMFC‐21). Global Ecology and Biogeography, 25(6), 729-738. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12449
Ilman, M., Dargusch, P., & Dart, P. (2016). A historical analysis of the drivers of loss and degradation of Indonesia’s mangroves. Land use policy, 54, 448-459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.03.010
Jamili, J., Setiadi, D., Qayim, I., Guhardja, E. (2012). Struktur dan Komposisi Mangrove di Pulau Kaledupa Taman Nasional Wakatobi, Sulawesi Tenggara (Structure and composition of mangroves in Kaledupa Island, Wakatobi National Park). ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences, 14 (4), 197-206 https://doi.org/10.14710/ik.ijms.14.4.197-206
Kauffman, J. B., Hernandez Trejo, H., del Carmen Jesus Garcia, M., Heider, C., & Contreras, W. M. (2016). Carbon stocks of mangroves and losses arising from their conversion to cattle pastures in the Pantanos de Centla, Mexico. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 24(2), 203-216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11273-015-9453-z
Krebs JC. (2014). Ecological Methodology 3 rd ed. Addison Welsey, United States of America
Kristensen, Erik, Steven Bouillon, Thorsten Dittmar, and Cyril Marchand. "Organic carbon dynamics in mangrove ecosystems: a review." Aquatic botany 89, no. 2 (2008): 201-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.005
Kusmana, C. (2011). Management of mangrove ecosystem in Indonesia. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management), 1(2), 152-152. https://doi.org/10.29244/jpsl.1.2.152
Lovelock, C. E., Cahoon, D. R., Friess, D. A., Guntenspergen, G. R., Krauss, K. W., Reef, R., ... & Triet, T. (2015). The vulnerability of Indo-Pacific mangrove forests to sea-level rise. Nature, 526(7574), 559-563. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15538
Magurran, A. E. (2004). Measuring Biological Diversity. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 256 p.
Mcleod, E., Chmura, G. L., Bouillon, S., Salm, R., Björk, M., Duarte, C. M., ... & Silliman, B. R. (2011). A blueprint for blue carbon: toward an improved understanding of the role of vegetated coastal habitats in sequestering CO2. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 9(10), 552-560. https://doi.org/10.1890/110004
Murdiyarso, D., Purbopuspito, J., Kauffman, J. B., Warren, M. W., Sasmito, S. D., Donato, D. C., ... & Kurnianto, S. (2015). The potential of Indonesian mangrove forests for global climate change mitigation. Nature climate change, 5(12), 1089-1092. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2734
Nahlunnisa, H., Zuhud, E. A. M., & Santosa, D. Y. (2016). The diversity of plant species in High conservation value area of oil palm plantation in Riau Province. Media Konservasi, 21, 91-98.
Obayashi, K., Tsumura, Y., Ihara-Ujino, T., Niiyama, K., Tanouchi, H., Suyama, Y., ... & Muhammad, N. (2002). Genetic diversity and outcrossing rate between undisturbed and selectively logged forests of Shorea curtisii (Dipterocarpaceae) using microsatellite DNA analysis. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 163(1), 151-158.
Odum EP. (1996). Fundamentals of ecology. W.B. Saunders Company. USA.
Polidoro, B. A., Carpenter, K. E., Collins, L., Duke, N. C., Ellison, A. M., Ellison, J. C., ... & Yong, J. W. H. (2010). The loss of species: mangrove extinction risk and geographic areas of global concern. PloS one, 5(4), e10095. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0010095
Richards, D. R., & Friess, D. A. (2016). Rates and drivers of mangrove deforestation in Southeast Asia, 2000–2012. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(2), 344-349. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1510272113
Spalding M, Kainuma M, Collins L. (2010). World atlas of mangroves.A collaborative project of ITTO, ISME, FAO, UNE. -WCMC, UNESCO-MAB, UNU-INWEH and TNC, Earth Scan, London, 319 p
Sreelekshmi, S., Nandan, S. B., Kaimal, S. V., Radhakrishnan, C. K., & Suresh, V. R. (2020). Mangrove species diversity, stand structure and zonation pattern in relation to environmental factors—A case study at Sundarban delta, east coast of India. Regional Studies in Marine Science, 35, 101111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101111.
Thomas, N., Lucas, R., Bunting, P., Hardy, A., Rosenqvist, A., & Simard, M. (2017). Distribution and drivers of global mangrove forest change, 1996–2010. PloS one, 12(6), e0179302. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179302
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Anwar, G., Arianto, W., Simarmata, M., Bertham, Y., Yuwana, Y., Romeida, A., Ermayendri, D., Indarwanto, I., & Ruslan, D. (2023). Floristic Composition and Species Richness of Mangrove Ecosystems in Pantai Panjang – Pulau Baai Nature Park, Bengkulu Province, Indonesia. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 6(3), 10-18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2023.v06i03.002
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