Prevalence and Predictors of Potentially Inappropriate Medications Among Elderly Patients Attending Government Primary Care Clinics in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Prevalence and Predictors of Inappropriate Medications Among Elderly Patients
Abstract
Introduction: PIM (Potentially Inappropriate Medication) has been defined as medication unsuitable for patients based on age, laboratory findings, and medical history, which may lead to further complications in health. The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence and predictors of PIM in elderly patients attending government primary care clinics in the Seremban District. Method: Prescribed medications were analysed by using the Screening Tool of Older Persons’ Potentially Inappropriate Prescription (STOPP) criteria and were identified as PIM if the medication was included in STOPP with a similar description. Simple logistic regression was applied to determine the crude odd ratio and variables with p 0.25 were entered into the multivariate logistic regression model to determine predictors for PIM. Result: 792 randomly selected elderly patients were recruited in this study. Elderly patients aged less than 70 were less likely to have PIM compared to patients above the age of 70 (AOR = 0.974, 95% CI 0.721 to 1.316). Patients who took five or fewer medications were less likely to have PIM (AOR = 0.850, 95% CI 0.628 to 1.152). PIM was less likely in patients with fewer than three illnesses (AOR = 0.494, 95% CI 0.301 to 0.811). Predictors of PIM based on this study were age (> 70 years), number of prescribed medications (> 5), number of illnesses (> 3), and endocrine disease, renal disease, and urogenital disease. Conclusion: The prevalence of PIM is found to be high, at 37% based on STOPP criteria. The findings of the study can be used as a baseline study on PIM among the elderly in Malaysia's primary care setting.
Keywords:
Elderly, PIM, primary care, STOPP
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
Abdul Rashid, S., Daud, N., Ab Ghani Hilmi, Z., Nor Azemi, S. N. A., Syed Wahid, S. N., & Razak, M. R. (2016). Malaysia’s ageing population trends. In Regional Conference on Science, Technology and Social Sciences (RCSTSS 2014) (pp. 981-990). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1458-1_88
Aday, L. (1989). Designing and Conducting Health Surveys: A Comprehensive Guide. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass.
Agashivala, N., & Wu, W. K. (2009). Effects of potentially inappropriate psychoactive medications on falls in US nursing home residents: Analysis of the 2004 national nursing home survey database. Drugs & Aging,26(10): 853-860. https://doi.org/10.2165/11316800-000000000-00000
Al-Aqqad, S. M., Chen, L. L., Shafie, A. A., Hassali, M. A., & Tangiisuran, B. (2014). The use of potentially inappropriate medications and changes in quality of life among older nursing home residents. Clinical Interventions in Aging, pp. 201–207. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S52356
Al-Shamri, H. M. (2014). Prevalence of Potentially Inappropriate Medications Use Among Recently Admitted Geriatric Patients in Rural Hospitals. (Master thesis). University of Waterloo, Canada. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/8983
Aparasu, R. R., & Mort, J. R. (2000). Inappropriate prescribing for the elderly: Beers criteria-based review. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 34(3): 338–346. Doi.org/10.1345/aph.19006
Berdot, S., Bertrand, M., Dartigues, J. F., Fourrier, A., Tavernier, B., Ritchie, K., & Alpérovitch, A. (2009). Inappropriate medication use and risk of falls: A prospective study in a large community-dwelling elderly cohort. BMC Geriatrics, 9(1): 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-9-30
Bonnet-Zamponi, D., d’Arailh, L., Konrat, C., Delpierre, S., Lieberherr, D., Lemaire, A. I., … Legrain, S. Optimization of Medication in AGEd Study Group. (2013). Drug-related readmissions to medical units of older adults discharged from acute geriatric units: Results of the optimization of medication in AGEd multicentre randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,61(1): 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12037
Bradley, M. C., Fahey, T., Cahir, C., Bennett, K., O’Reilly, D., Parsons, C., & Hughes, C. M. (2012). Potentially inappropriate prescribing and cost outcomes for older people: A cross-sectional study using the Northern Ireland Enhanced Prescribing Database. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 68(10): 1425–1433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-012-1249-y
Bregnhoj, L., Thirstrup, S., Kristensen, M. B., Bjerrum, L., & Sonne, J. (2009) Combined intervention programme reduces inappropriate prescribing in elderly patients exposed to polypharmacy in primary care. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology,65(2): 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-008-0558-7
Bushardt, R. L., Massey, E. B., Simpson, T. W., Ariail, J. C., & Simpson, K. N. (2008). Polypharmacy: Misleading, but manageable. Clinical Interventions in Aging,3(2): 383-389. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S2468
Cahir, C., Fahey, T., Teeling, M., Teljeur, C., Feely, J., & Bennett, K. (2010). Potentially inappropriate prescribing and cost outcomes for older people: A national population study. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 69(5): 543-552. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03628.x
Campanelli, C. M. (2012). American Geriatrics Society updated Beers’ criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,60(4): 616-631. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03923.x
Chang, C. B., & Chan, D. C. (2010). Comparison of published explicit criteria for potentially inappropriate medications in older adults. Drug Aging,27(12): 947-957. https://doi.org/10.2165/11584850-000000000-00000
Chen, L., Tangiisuran, B., Shafie, A., & Hassali, M. (2012). Evaluation of potentially inappropriate medications among older residents of Malaysian nursing homes. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy,34(4): 596-603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-012-9651-1
Dalleur, O., Boland, B., De Groot, A., Vaes, B., Boeckxstaens, P., Azermai, M., ... Spinewine, A. (2015). Detection of potentially inappropriate prescribing in the very old: Cross-sectional analysis of the data from the BELFRAIL observational cohort study. BMC Geriatrics, 15(1): 156. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0149-2
Dawson, B., & Trapp, R. (2001). Basic and Clinical Biostatistics (3rd ed.). United States of America: McGraw Hill.
Dedhiya, S. D., Hancock, E., Craig, B. A., Doebbeling, C. C., & Thomas, J. (2010). Incident use and outcomes associated with potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy,8(6): 562-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1543-5946(10)80005-4
Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2017). The World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/world-population-prospects-the-2017-revision.html
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2017). Population & Demography Division. Vol 1. Retrieved from https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/ctwoByCat&parent_id=115&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09
DiPiro, J. T., Talbert, R. L., Yee, G. C., Matzke, G. R., Wells, B. G., & Posey, L. (2014). Chapter 8. Geriatrics. In J. T. DiPiro, R. L. Talbert, G. C. Yee, G. R. Matzke, B. G. Wells, & L. Posey (Eds), Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, (9th ed.). Retrieved September 27, 2014 from http://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com.proxy.lib.uwaterloo.ca/content.aspx?bookid= 689&Sectionid=48811433
Fiss, T., Dreier, A., Meinke, C., van den Berg, N., Ritter, C. A., & Hoffmann, W. (2011). Frequency of inappropriate drugs in primary care: Analysis of a sample of immobile patients who received periodic home visits. Age and Ageing, 40: 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afq106
Gallagher, P., & O'Mahony, D. (2008). STOPP (Screening tool of older persons' potentially inappropriate prescriptions): Application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers' criteria. Age Ageing, 37(6): 673-679. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn197
Gillespie, U., Alassaad, A., Hammarlund-Udenaes, M., Mörlin, C., Henrohn, D., Bertilsson, M., & Melhus, H. (2013). Effects of pharmacists' interventions on appropriateness of prescribing and evaluation of the instruments'(MAI, STOPP and STARTs') ability to predict hospitalization–analyses from a randomized controlled trial. PloS one, 8(5), e62401.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062401
Gokula, M., & Holly, M. H. (2012). Tools to reduce polypharmacy. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 28: 323–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2012.01.011
Hamilton, H., Gallagher, P., Ryan, C., Byrne, S., & O’Mahony, D. (2011). Potentially inappropriate medications defined by STOPP criteria and the risk of adverse drug events in older hospitalized patients. Archives of Internal Medicine, 171(11): 1013- 1019. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.215
Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied Logistic Regression (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Huri, H. Z., & Ling, H. F. (2013). Drug related problems in type 2 diabetes patients with hypertension: A cross-sectional retrospective study. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 13(1): 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6823-13- 2
Ismail, A., Jamsiah, M., Amin, S., Ali, M., & Munizam, A. (2019).The Malaysian health reform in primary health care services. Journal of Community Health, 14(2), 1.
Jaafar, S., Noh, K. M., Muttalib, K. A., Othman, N. H., & Healy, J. (2013). Malaysia Health System Review, Health Systems in Transition. Geneva: Asia Pacific Observatory on Health System and Policies.
http://hdl.handle.net/1885/35671
Kashyap, M., & Iqbal, M. Z. (2014). A review of screening tools used for the assessment of appropriateness of prescription’s among elderly patients. Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioSciences, 3:72-79.
Kaur, S., Mitchell, G., Vitetta, L., & Roberts, M. S. (2009). Interventions that can reduce inappropriate prescribing in the elderly: A systematic review.Drugs & Aging, 26(12): 1013-1028. https://doi.org/10.2165/11318890-000000000-00000
Kovačević, S. V., Simišić, M., Rudinski, S. S., Ćulafić, M., Vučićević, K., Prostran, M., & Miljković, B. (2014). Potentially inappropriate prescribing in older primary care patients. PloS One, 9(4), e95536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095536
Koyama, A., Steinman, M., Ensrud, K., Hillier, T. A., & Yaffe, K. (2013). Ten-year trajectory of potentially inappropriate medications in very old women: Importance of cognitive status. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61(2): 258-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12093
Lang, P. O., Hasso, Y., Dramé, M., Vogt-Ferrier, N., Prudent, M., Gold, G., & Michel, J. P. (2010). Potentially inappropriate prescribing including under-use amongst older patients with cognitive or psychiatric co-morbidities. Age Ageing, 39(3): 373-381. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afq031
Lau, D. T., Mercaldo, N. D., Harris, A. T., Trittschuh, E., Shega, J., & Weintraub, S. (2010). Polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication use among community-dwelling elders with dementia. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 24(1): 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0b013e31819d6ec9
Lemeshow, S., Hosmer, D. W., Klar, J., & Lwanga, S. K. (1990). Adequacy of Sample Size in Health Studies. Hoboken, NJ. : Wiley.
Lim, L. M., McStea, M., Chung, W. W., Azmi, N. N., Aziz, S. A. A., Alwi, S., … Rajasuriar, R. (2017). Prevalence, risk factors and health outcomes associated with polypharmacy among urban community-dwelling older adults in multi-ethnic Malaysia. PLoS One, 12(3), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173466
Malaysia, M. O. H. (2010). UNGASS country progress report: Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: AIDS/STD Section of the Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
Minhat, H. S., & Amin, R. M. (2012). Social support and leisure participation of elderly in Malaysia. The Internet Journal of Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7(1): 1-13.
Ministry of Health Malaysia (Moh). (2015). Clinical Practice Guidelines on Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (5th ed.). Putrajaya: Author.
O’Mahony, D., Gallagher, P., Ryan, C., Byrne, S., Hamilton, H., Barry, P., … & Kennedy, J. (2010). STOPP & START criteria: A new approach to detect potentially inappropriate prescribing in old age. European Geriatric Medicine, 1: 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2010.01.007
Oliveira, M. G., Amorim, W. W., de Jesus, S. R., Heine, J. M., Coqueiro, H. L., & Passos, L. C. S. (2015). A comparison of the Beers and STOPP criteria for identifying the use of potentially inappropriate medications among elderly patients in primary care. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 21(2): 320-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.12319
O'Mahony, D., O'Sullivan, D., Byrne, S., O'Connor, M. N., Ryan, C., & Gallagher, P. (2015). STOPP/START criteria for potentially inappropriate prescribing in older people: Version 2. Age and Ageing, 44(2): 213-218. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afu145
Onder, G., Petrovic, M., Tangiisuran, B., Meinardi, M. C., Markito-Notenboom, W. P., Somers, A., … & van der Cammen, T. J. (2010). Development and validation of a score to assess risk of adverse drug reactions among in-hospital patients 65 years or older: The GerontoNet ADR risk score. Archives of Internal Medicine,170(13): 1142-1148 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.153
O'Sullivan, D. P., O'Mahony, D., Parsons, C., Hughes, C., Murphy, K., Patterson, S., & Byrne, S. (2013). A prevalence study of potentially inappropriate prescribing in Irish long-term care residents. Drugs & Aging,30(1): 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-012-0039-7
Pitkala, K. H., Juola, A. L., Soini, H., Laakkonen, M. L., Kautiainen, H., Teramura-Gronblad, M., Finne-Soveri, H., & Bjorkman, M. (2012). Reducing inappropriate, anticholinergic and psychotropic drugs among older residents in assisted living facilities: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 13(1): 85.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-85
Price, S. D., Holman, C. D., Sanfilippo, F. M., & Emery, J. D. (2014). Association between potentially inappropriate medications from the Beers’ criteria and the risk of unplanned hospitalization in elderly patients. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy,48(1): 6-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028013504904
Pugh, M. J., Starner, C. I., Amuan, M. E., Berlowitz, D. R., Horton, M., Marcum, Z. A., & Hanlon, J. T. (2011). Exposure to potentially harmful drug-disease interactions in older community-dwelling vetrans based on the healthcare effectiveness data and information set quality measure: Who is at risk? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(9): 1673-1678. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03524.
Ryan, C., O'Mahony, D., Kennedy, J., Weedle, P., & Byrne, S. (2009). Potentially inappropriate prescribing in an Irish elderly population in primary care. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 68(6): 936-947. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03531.x
Scott, I. A., Gray, L. C., Martin, J. H., & Mitchell, C. A. (2012). Effects of a drug minimization guide on prescribing intentions in elderly persons with polypharmacy. Drugs & Aging, 29(8): 659-667. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03262281
Sellappans, R., Lai, P. S. M., & Ng, C. J. (2015). Challenges faced by primary care physicians when prescribing for patients with chronic diseases in a teaching hospital in Malaysia: A qualitative study. BMJ Open, 5(8), e007817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007817
Stuijt, C., Franssen, E., Egberts, A., & Hudson, S. (2008). Appropriateness of prescribing among elderly patients in a Dutch Residential Home. Drugs & Aging, 25(11): 947-954. https://doi.org/10.2165/0002512-200825110-00005
Thorpe, J. M., Thorpe, C. T., Kennelty, K. A., Gellad, W. F., & Schulz, R. (2012). The impact of family caregivers on potentially inappropriate medication use in noninstitutionalized older adults with dementia. The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, 10(4): 230-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2012.05.001
Ubeda, A., Ferrándiz, M., Maicas, N., Gomez, C., Bonet, M., & Peris, J. (2012). Potentially inappropriate prescribing in institutionalised older patients in Spain: The STOPP-START criteria compared with the Beers criteria. Pharmacy Practice, 10(2): 83-91. https://doi.org/10.4321/s188636552012000200004
Undela, K., Bansal, D., D'Cruz, S., Sachdev, A., & Tiwari, P. (2014). Prevalence and determinants of use of potentially inappropriate medications in elderly inpatients: A prospective study in a tertiary healthcare setting. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 14(2): 251-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12081
Van Roozendaal, B. W., & Krass, I. (2009). Development of an evidence-based checklist for the detection of drug related problems in type 2 diabetes. Pharmacy World & Science, 31(5): 580-595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-009-9312-1
Vishwas, H. N., Harugeri, A., Parthasarathi, G., & Ramesh, M. (2012). Potentially inappropriate medication use in Indian elderly: Comparison of Beers' criteria and screening tool of older persons' potentially inappropriate prescriptions. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 12(3): 506-514. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00806.
Wahab, M. S., Nyfort-Hansen, K., & Kowalski, S. R. (2012). Inappropriate prescribing in hospitalised Australian elderly as determined by the STOPP criteria. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 34(6): 855-862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096012-9681-8
World Health Organization (WHO). (2013). The Selection and Use
of Essential Medicines. Report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2013 (including the 18th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 4th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children).Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press
Yayla, M. E., Bilge, U., Binen, E., & Keskin, A. (2013). The use of START/STOPP criteria for elderly patients in primary care. The Scientific World Journal, 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/165873
Aday, L. (1989). Designing and Conducting Health Surveys: A Comprehensive Guide. San Francisco, California: Jossey-Bass.
Agashivala, N., & Wu, W. K. (2009). Effects of potentially inappropriate psychoactive medications on falls in US nursing home residents: Analysis of the 2004 national nursing home survey database. Drugs & Aging,26(10): 853-860. https://doi.org/10.2165/11316800-000000000-00000
Al-Aqqad, S. M., Chen, L. L., Shafie, A. A., Hassali, M. A., & Tangiisuran, B. (2014). The use of potentially inappropriate medications and changes in quality of life among older nursing home residents. Clinical Interventions in Aging, pp. 201–207. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S52356
Al-Shamri, H. M. (2014). Prevalence of Potentially Inappropriate Medications Use Among Recently Admitted Geriatric Patients in Rural Hospitals. (Master thesis). University of Waterloo, Canada. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/8983
Aparasu, R. R., & Mort, J. R. (2000). Inappropriate prescribing for the elderly: Beers criteria-based review. Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 34(3): 338–346. Doi.org/10.1345/aph.19006
Berdot, S., Bertrand, M., Dartigues, J. F., Fourrier, A., Tavernier, B., Ritchie, K., & Alpérovitch, A. (2009). Inappropriate medication use and risk of falls: A prospective study in a large community-dwelling elderly cohort. BMC Geriatrics, 9(1): 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2318-9-30
Bonnet-Zamponi, D., d’Arailh, L., Konrat, C., Delpierre, S., Lieberherr, D., Lemaire, A. I., … Legrain, S. Optimization of Medication in AGEd Study Group. (2013). Drug-related readmissions to medical units of older adults discharged from acute geriatric units: Results of the optimization of medication in AGEd multicentre randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,61(1): 113–121. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12037
Bradley, M. C., Fahey, T., Cahir, C., Bennett, K., O’Reilly, D., Parsons, C., & Hughes, C. M. (2012). Potentially inappropriate prescribing and cost outcomes for older people: A cross-sectional study using the Northern Ireland Enhanced Prescribing Database. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 68(10): 1425–1433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-012-1249-y
Bregnhoj, L., Thirstrup, S., Kristensen, M. B., Bjerrum, L., & Sonne, J. (2009) Combined intervention programme reduces inappropriate prescribing in elderly patients exposed to polypharmacy in primary care. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology,65(2): 199–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-008-0558-7
Bushardt, R. L., Massey, E. B., Simpson, T. W., Ariail, J. C., & Simpson, K. N. (2008). Polypharmacy: Misleading, but manageable. Clinical Interventions in Aging,3(2): 383-389. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S2468
Cahir, C., Fahey, T., Teeling, M., Teljeur, C., Feely, J., & Bennett, K. (2010). Potentially inappropriate prescribing and cost outcomes for older people: A national population study. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 69(5): 543-552. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2010.03628.x
Campanelli, C. M. (2012). American Geriatrics Society updated Beers’ criteria for potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,60(4): 616-631. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2012.03923.x
Chang, C. B., & Chan, D. C. (2010). Comparison of published explicit criteria for potentially inappropriate medications in older adults. Drug Aging,27(12): 947-957. https://doi.org/10.2165/11584850-000000000-00000
Chen, L., Tangiisuran, B., Shafie, A., & Hassali, M. (2012). Evaluation of potentially inappropriate medications among older residents of Malaysian nursing homes. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy,34(4): 596-603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-012-9651-1
Dalleur, O., Boland, B., De Groot, A., Vaes, B., Boeckxstaens, P., Azermai, M., ... Spinewine, A. (2015). Detection of potentially inappropriate prescribing in the very old: Cross-sectional analysis of the data from the BELFRAIL observational cohort study. BMC Geriatrics, 15(1): 156. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-015-0149-2
Dawson, B., & Trapp, R. (2001). Basic and Clinical Biostatistics (3rd ed.). United States of America: McGraw Hill.
Dedhiya, S. D., Hancock, E., Craig, B. A., Doebbeling, C. C., & Thomas, J. (2010). Incident use and outcomes associated with potentially inappropriate medication use in older adults. The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy,8(6): 562-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1543-5946(10)80005-4
Department of Economic and Social Affairs. (2017). The World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/development/desa/publications/world-population-prospects-the-2017-revision.html
Department of Statistics Malaysia. (2017). Population & Demography Division. Vol 1. Retrieved from https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/ctwoByCat&parent_id=115&menu_id=L0pheU43NWJwRWVSZklWdzQ4TlhUUT09
DiPiro, J. T., Talbert, R. L., Yee, G. C., Matzke, G. R., Wells, B. G., & Posey, L. (2014). Chapter 8. Geriatrics. In J. T. DiPiro, R. L. Talbert, G. C. Yee, G. R. Matzke, B. G. Wells, & L. Posey (Eds), Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, (9th ed.). Retrieved September 27, 2014 from http://accesspharmacy.mhmedical.com.proxy.lib.uwaterloo.ca/content.aspx?bookid= 689&Sectionid=48811433
Fiss, T., Dreier, A., Meinke, C., van den Berg, N., Ritter, C. A., & Hoffmann, W. (2011). Frequency of inappropriate drugs in primary care: Analysis of a sample of immobile patients who received periodic home visits. Age and Ageing, 40: 66–73. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afq106
Gallagher, P., & O'Mahony, D. (2008). STOPP (Screening tool of older persons' potentially inappropriate prescriptions): Application to acutely ill elderly patients and comparison with Beers' criteria. Age Ageing, 37(6): 673-679. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afn197
Gillespie, U., Alassaad, A., Hammarlund-Udenaes, M., Mörlin, C., Henrohn, D., Bertilsson, M., & Melhus, H. (2013). Effects of pharmacists' interventions on appropriateness of prescribing and evaluation of the instruments'(MAI, STOPP and STARTs') ability to predict hospitalization–analyses from a randomized controlled trial. PloS one, 8(5), e62401.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062401
Gokula, M., & Holly, M. H. (2012). Tools to reduce polypharmacy. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 28: 323–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cger.2012.01.011
Hamilton, H., Gallagher, P., Ryan, C., Byrne, S., & O’Mahony, D. (2011). Potentially inappropriate medications defined by STOPP criteria and the risk of adverse drug events in older hospitalized patients. Archives of Internal Medicine, 171(11): 1013- 1019. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2011.215
Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied Logistic Regression (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Huri, H. Z., & Ling, H. F. (2013). Drug related problems in type 2 diabetes patients with hypertension: A cross-sectional retrospective study. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 13(1): 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6823-13- 2
Ismail, A., Jamsiah, M., Amin, S., Ali, M., & Munizam, A. (2019).The Malaysian health reform in primary health care services. Journal of Community Health, 14(2), 1.
Jaafar, S., Noh, K. M., Muttalib, K. A., Othman, N. H., & Healy, J. (2013). Malaysia Health System Review, Health Systems in Transition. Geneva: Asia Pacific Observatory on Health System and Policies.
http://hdl.handle.net/1885/35671
Kashyap, M., & Iqbal, M. Z. (2014). A review of screening tools used for the assessment of appropriateness of prescription’s among elderly patients. Journal of Pharmaceutical and BioSciences, 3:72-79.
Kaur, S., Mitchell, G., Vitetta, L., & Roberts, M. S. (2009). Interventions that can reduce inappropriate prescribing in the elderly: A systematic review.Drugs & Aging, 26(12): 1013-1028. https://doi.org/10.2165/11318890-000000000-00000
Kovačević, S. V., Simišić, M., Rudinski, S. S., Ćulafić, M., Vučićević, K., Prostran, M., & Miljković, B. (2014). Potentially inappropriate prescribing in older primary care patients. PloS One, 9(4), e95536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095536
Koyama, A., Steinman, M., Ensrud, K., Hillier, T. A., & Yaffe, K. (2013). Ten-year trajectory of potentially inappropriate medications in very old women: Importance of cognitive status. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 61(2): 258-263. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.12093
Lang, P. O., Hasso, Y., Dramé, M., Vogt-Ferrier, N., Prudent, M., Gold, G., & Michel, J. P. (2010). Potentially inappropriate prescribing including under-use amongst older patients with cognitive or psychiatric co-morbidities. Age Ageing, 39(3): 373-381. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afq031
Lau, D. T., Mercaldo, N. D., Harris, A. T., Trittschuh, E., Shega, J., & Weintraub, S. (2010). Polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication use among community-dwelling elders with dementia. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 24(1): 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1097/WAD.0b013e31819d6ec9
Lemeshow, S., Hosmer, D. W., Klar, J., & Lwanga, S. K. (1990). Adequacy of Sample Size in Health Studies. Hoboken, NJ. : Wiley.
Lim, L. M., McStea, M., Chung, W. W., Azmi, N. N., Aziz, S. A. A., Alwi, S., … Rajasuriar, R. (2017). Prevalence, risk factors and health outcomes associated with polypharmacy among urban community-dwelling older adults in multi-ethnic Malaysia. PLoS One, 12(3), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173466
Malaysia, M. O. H. (2010). UNGASS country progress report: Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur: AIDS/STD Section of the Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
Minhat, H. S., & Amin, R. M. (2012). Social support and leisure participation of elderly in Malaysia. The Internet Journal of Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7(1): 1-13.
Ministry of Health Malaysia (Moh). (2015). Clinical Practice Guidelines on Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (5th ed.). Putrajaya: Author.
O’Mahony, D., Gallagher, P., Ryan, C., Byrne, S., Hamilton, H., Barry, P., … & Kennedy, J. (2010). STOPP & START criteria: A new approach to detect potentially inappropriate prescribing in old age. European Geriatric Medicine, 1: 45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurger.2010.01.007
Oliveira, M. G., Amorim, W. W., de Jesus, S. R., Heine, J. M., Coqueiro, H. L., & Passos, L. C. S. (2015). A comparison of the Beers and STOPP criteria for identifying the use of potentially inappropriate medications among elderly patients in primary care. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 21(2): 320-325. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.12319
O'Mahony, D., O'Sullivan, D., Byrne, S., O'Connor, M. N., Ryan, C., & Gallagher, P. (2015). STOPP/START criteria for potentially inappropriate prescribing in older people: Version 2. Age and Ageing, 44(2): 213-218. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afu145
Onder, G., Petrovic, M., Tangiisuran, B., Meinardi, M. C., Markito-Notenboom, W. P., Somers, A., … & van der Cammen, T. J. (2010). Development and validation of a score to assess risk of adverse drug reactions among in-hospital patients 65 years or older: The GerontoNet ADR risk score. Archives of Internal Medicine,170(13): 1142-1148 https://doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2010.153
O'Sullivan, D. P., O'Mahony, D., Parsons, C., Hughes, C., Murphy, K., Patterson, S., & Byrne, S. (2013). A prevalence study of potentially inappropriate prescribing in Irish long-term care residents. Drugs & Aging,30(1): 39-49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40266-012-0039-7
Pitkala, K. H., Juola, A. L., Soini, H., Laakkonen, M. L., Kautiainen, H., Teramura-Gronblad, M., Finne-Soveri, H., & Bjorkman, M. (2012). Reducing inappropriate, anticholinergic and psychotropic drugs among older residents in assisted living facilities: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials, 13(1): 85.
https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-13-85
Price, S. D., Holman, C. D., Sanfilippo, F. M., & Emery, J. D. (2014). Association between potentially inappropriate medications from the Beers’ criteria and the risk of unplanned hospitalization in elderly patients. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy,48(1): 6-16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1060028013504904
Pugh, M. J., Starner, C. I., Amuan, M. E., Berlowitz, D. R., Horton, M., Marcum, Z. A., & Hanlon, J. T. (2011). Exposure to potentially harmful drug-disease interactions in older community-dwelling vetrans based on the healthcare effectiveness data and information set quality measure: Who is at risk? Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 59(9): 1673-1678. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2011.03524.
Ryan, C., O'Mahony, D., Kennedy, J., Weedle, P., & Byrne, S. (2009). Potentially inappropriate prescribing in an Irish elderly population in primary care. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 68(6): 936-947. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03531.x
Scott, I. A., Gray, L. C., Martin, J. H., & Mitchell, C. A. (2012). Effects of a drug minimization guide on prescribing intentions in elderly persons with polypharmacy. Drugs & Aging, 29(8): 659-667. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03262281
Sellappans, R., Lai, P. S. M., & Ng, C. J. (2015). Challenges faced by primary care physicians when prescribing for patients with chronic diseases in a teaching hospital in Malaysia: A qualitative study. BMJ Open, 5(8), e007817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007817
Stuijt, C., Franssen, E., Egberts, A., & Hudson, S. (2008). Appropriateness of prescribing among elderly patients in a Dutch Residential Home. Drugs & Aging, 25(11): 947-954. https://doi.org/10.2165/0002512-200825110-00005
Thorpe, J. M., Thorpe, C. T., Kennelty, K. A., Gellad, W. F., & Schulz, R. (2012). The impact of family caregivers on potentially inappropriate medication use in noninstitutionalized older adults with dementia. The American Journal of Geriatric Pharmacotherapy, 10(4): 230-241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjopharm.2012.05.001
Ubeda, A., Ferrándiz, M., Maicas, N., Gomez, C., Bonet, M., & Peris, J. (2012). Potentially inappropriate prescribing in institutionalised older patients in Spain: The STOPP-START criteria compared with the Beers criteria. Pharmacy Practice, 10(2): 83-91. https://doi.org/10.4321/s188636552012000200004
Undela, K., Bansal, D., D'Cruz, S., Sachdev, A., & Tiwari, P. (2014). Prevalence and determinants of use of potentially inappropriate medications in elderly inpatients: A prospective study in a tertiary healthcare setting. Geriatrics & Gerontology International, 14(2): 251-258. https://doi.org/10.1111/ggi.12081
Van Roozendaal, B. W., & Krass, I. (2009). Development of an evidence-based checklist for the detection of drug related problems in type 2 diabetes. Pharmacy World & Science, 31(5): 580-595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096-009-9312-1
Vishwas, H. N., Harugeri, A., Parthasarathi, G., & Ramesh, M. (2012). Potentially inappropriate medication use in Indian elderly: Comparison of Beers' criteria and screening tool of older persons' potentially inappropriate prescriptions. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 12(3): 506-514. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00806.
Wahab, M. S., Nyfort-Hansen, K., & Kowalski, S. R. (2012). Inappropriate prescribing in hospitalised Australian elderly as determined by the STOPP criteria. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy, 34(6): 855-862. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11096012-9681-8
World Health Organization (WHO). (2013). The Selection and Use
of Essential Medicines. Report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2013 (including the 18th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 4th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children).Geneva, Switzerland: WHO Press
Yayla, M. E., Bilge, U., Binen, E., & Keskin, A. (2013). The use of START/STOPP criteria for elderly patients in primary care. The Scientific World Journal, 1-4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/165873
Statistics
455 Views | 394 Downloads
How to Cite
Devi, H., Sidik, S., Rampal, L., & Fadhilah, S. (2022). Prevalence and Predictors of Potentially Inappropriate Medications Among Elderly Patients Attending Government Primary Care Clinics in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 5(3), 6-21. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2022.v05i03.002
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
.