Mucormycosis COVID-19 Coinfection
Abstract
In the recent past, rhino-orbital mucormycosis in people with COVID-19, were reported from many parts of the world. Diabetes mellitus, though, happens to be an independent risk factor both for severe COVID-19 and mucormycosis, administration steroids is attributed as a precipitating factor for acquiring this comorbid condition. Fungal agents causing mucormycosis are highly angioinvasive in nature, as a result of which, clinical outcome of infection is invariably poor, especially with rhinocerebral or rhinoorbitocerebral variety. Effective management depends upon timely and accurate diagnosis, and parenteral administration of amphotericin B. Judicious use of steroids is always recommended. Glycemic control in those who are severely diabetic is advocated. Surgical debridement of the paranasal sinuses and orbital cavities and removal of dead tissue is an essential part of management in order to facilitate faster healing and better penetration of antifungal drugs. Exenteration of eye ball may be indicated, if cavernous sinus and intracranial spread are anticipated.
Keywords:
COVID 19, mucormycosis, antifungal drugs, cavernous sinus
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References
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RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby, P., Lim, W. S., Emberson, J. R., Mafham, M., Bell, J. L., Linsell, L., Staplin, N., Brightling, C., Ustianowski, A., Elmahi, E., Prudon, B., Green, C., Felton, T., Chadwick, D., Rege, K., Fegan, C., Chappell, L. C., Faust, S. N., Jaki, T., … Landray, M. J. (2021). Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. The New England journal of medicine, 384(8), 693–704. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2021436
Roden, M.M., Zaoutis, T.E., Buchanan, W.L. et al (2005). Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases. Clin Infect Dis . 41(5): 634-53.
Singh, A.K., Singh R, Joshi SR, Misra A (2021) Mucormycosis in COVID-19: A systematic review of cases reported worldwide and in India. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research and Reviews https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.05.019
Song, G., Liang, G., Liu, W. (2020) Fungal co-infection associated with global COVID- 19 pandemic : a clinical and diagnostic perspective from China. Mycopathologia. 185:599-696.
Wijaya, M., Elba, F., Sari, A. N., Hilmanto, D., & Poddar, S. (2022). Increasing Knowledge of Health Cadres Through Training on How to Choose Contraception Methods in Soreang District. Malaysian Journal of Medical Research (MJMR), 6(1). https://doi.org/10.31674/MJMR.2022.V06I01.005.
Bhattacharya, S., Basu, P., & Poddar, S. (2020). Changing epidemiology of SARS-CoV in the context of COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene, 61(2), E130. https://doi.org/10.15167/2421-4248/jpmh2020.61.2.1541
Bhattacharya, S., Sinha, S., Bhattacharya, S., & Poddar, S. (2021). Studies on The Awareness, Apprehensions and Aspirations of The University Students of West Bengal, India In The Context of Covid-19 Pandemic. Malaysian Journal of Medical Research (MJMR), 5(2), 29-33 https://doi.org/10.31674/mjmr.2021.v05i02.006
Chander, J.,Kaur, M.,Singh, N. (2018) Mucormycosis: battle with the deadly enemy over a five year period in India. J Fungi. 4:46 https://doi.org/10.3390/jof4020046
Chatki, P. K., & Tabassum, S. (2021). Juxtaposition on Discrete Covid-19 Vaccines: For Rudimentary and Pivotal Cognizance. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 4(4), 1-6. https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2021.v04i04.001
Choudhary, N. K., Jain, A. K., Soni, R., & Gahlot, N. (2021). Mucormycosis: A deadly black fungus infection among COVID-19 patients in India. Clinical epidemiology and global health, 12, 100900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100900
Cornely, O.A., Alastruey-Izquierdo, A., Arenz, D., et al (2019) Global guideline for the diagnosis and 565 management of mucormycosis: an initiative of the European Confederation of Medical Mycology in cooperation with the Mycoses Study Group Education and Research Consortium. The Lancet Infectious diseases . 19(12):e405-e421.
Hasinuddin, M., Rusana, R., Noviana, U., Ekawati, H., Aini, N., & Poddar, S. (2021). Parents' Psychological Aspect in Caring for the Child During COVID-19 Pandemic. Jurnal Ners, 16(2),193-197. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jn.v16i2.30637
Horby, P., Lim, W.S., Emberson, J.R. et al (2021). Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 384: 693–704.
Ketenci, I., Unlü, Y., Kaya, H. et al (2011). Rhinocerebral mucormycosis:experience in 14 patients. J Laryngol Otol.125(8):e3. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022215111000843
Lanternier, F., Lortholary, O.(2008). AMBIZYGO: phase II study of high dose liposomal amphotericin B 646 (AmBisome) [10 mg/kg/j] efficacy against zygomycosis. Medecine et Maladies Infectieuses. 38 (647) Suppl 2: S90-1.
Martin, Hoenigl. , Danila, Seidel. , Agostinho, Carvalho. et al(2022). The emergence of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis: Analysis of cases from 18 countries. The Lancet Microbe J. https://doi.org/10.1016/52666-5247(21)00237-8
Morales-Franco, B., Nava-Villalba, M., Medina-Guerrero, E.O. et al (2021). Host-pathogen molecular factors contribute to the pathogenesis of Rhizopus spp in diabetes mellitus. Curr Trop Med Rep published online Jan 22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40475-020-00222-1
Parlman, S., Dendekar, A.A.(2005). Immunopathogenesis of corona infections:implications for SARS. Nat Rev Immnulogy. 5(12):917-27
Perfect, J.R., Cornely, O.A., Heep, M. et al(2018). Isavuconazole treatment for rare fungal diseases and for invasive aspergillosis in patients with renal impairment: Challenges and lessons of the VITAL trial. Mycoses. 61(7): 420-9.
Prakash, H., Chakrabarti, A. (2019) Global epidemiology of mucormycosis. J Fungi 5:26. https://doi.org/10.3390/jof5010026
Rahayu S., Pertiwi, Wiwik Eko; Meidina, L., Poddar S. (2021). The Roles of Knowledge and Perceptions in Covid-19 Transmission Prevention Behavior. Malaysian Journal of Medicine & Health Sciences. 17(SUPP4): 62-66.
RECOVERY Collaborative Group, Horby, P., Lim, W. S., Emberson, J. R., Mafham, M., Bell, J. L., Linsell, L., Staplin, N., Brightling, C., Ustianowski, A., Elmahi, E., Prudon, B., Green, C., Felton, T., Chadwick, D., Rege, K., Fegan, C., Chappell, L. C., Faust, S. N., Jaki, T., … Landray, M. J. (2021). Dexamethasone in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. The New England journal of medicine, 384(8), 693–704. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2021436
Roden, M.M., Zaoutis, T.E., Buchanan, W.L. et al (2005). Epidemiology and outcome of zygomycosis: a review of 929 reported cases. Clin Infect Dis . 41(5): 634-53.
Singh, A.K., Singh R, Joshi SR, Misra A (2021) Mucormycosis in COVID-19: A systematic review of cases reported worldwide and in India. Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research and Reviews https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.05.019
Song, G., Liang, G., Liu, W. (2020) Fungal co-infection associated with global COVID- 19 pandemic : a clinical and diagnostic perspective from China. Mycopathologia. 185:599-696.
Wijaya, M., Elba, F., Sari, A. N., Hilmanto, D., & Poddar, S. (2022). Increasing Knowledge of Health Cadres Through Training on How to Choose Contraception Methods in Soreang District. Malaysian Journal of Medical Research (MJMR), 6(1). https://doi.org/10.31674/MJMR.2022.V06I01.005.
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Nayak, N. (2022). Mucormycosis COVID-19 Coinfection. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 5(1), 1-4. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2022.v05i01.001
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