International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research

The Role of microRNA-155 in Viral Diseases of Humans

Sushmita Biswas, Neelakshi Sarkar, Saheli Sarkar, Neena Sharma — Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

MicroRNAs, as key regulators of gene expression, have garnered significant attention in recent antiviral research due to their potential to modulate viral pathogenesis and host immune responses. On account of their potential to regulate gene expression, microRNAs are currently the focus of modern antiviral research. miR-155 is a multifunctional microRNA that plays a significant role in the regulation of the host immune system. Predictably, it also has a profound role in the pathogenesis of numerous viruses. Increasing research has revealed the involvement of miR-155 in various aspects of the host-viral interface. Studies have also shown that miR-155 or its inhibitor could be used as a potential tool in viral therapeutics and diagnostics. The current review aims to highlight viral diseases that have been significantly modulated by miR-155. This was achieved by searching several globally recognised and distinguished scientific databases, followed by data extraction and analysis. This work is particularly important, as exogenous molecular control of miR-155 expression could open new avenues for limiting viral proliferation.

Mechanisms of Adaptation Pathogenicity and Resistance in Candida glabrata

Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Candida glabrata has emerged as a significant opportunistic fungal pathogen, ranking as the second most common cause of candidiasis globally. Its increasing prevalence is attributed to the rise in immunocompromised populations, frequent use of indwelling medical devices, and its ability to develop resistance to antifungal drugs. C. glabrata exhibits unique adaptation strategies, including genetic diversity and plasticity, metabolic flexibility, stress response mechanisms, and biofilm formation. Its pathogenicity is characterised by adhesion factors, invasion strategies, evasion of host immune responses, and virulence factors. Notably, C. glabrata exhibits high intrinsic resistance to antifungal drugs, particularly azoles, and can rapidly acquire resistance to multiple classes of drugs. The molecular basis of drug resistance involves efflux pumps, target alterations, and mutator phenotypes caused by mismatch repair defects. Biofilm-associated resistance contributes to persistence and low therapeutic response. Diagnosing C. glabrata infections presents challenges due to its ability to evade host immune responses and the limitations of phenotypic susceptibility testing. Current treatment strategies involve antifungal therapies, combination therapies, and exploration of novel therapeutic targets. Understanding the complex interplay among C. glabrata virulence mechanisms, drug resistance, and host immune responses is crucial for developing effective management strategies and combating this emerging pathogen.

Potential of Nephrolepis exaltata as a Promising Antibacterial Agent against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): A Comprehensive in silico and in vitro Study

Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Recently, the emergence of bacteria impenetrable to antibiotics has led to a devastating situation concerning international health. This study identified one of the most threatening bacteria, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. The potential antibacterial properties of Neprolepis exaltata include its ability to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is not effectively susceptible to methicillin antibiotics. Methanolic crude extracts of Neprolepis exaltata were tested against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at 30 μg/mL and 40 μg/mL concentrations using the agar disc diffusion technique; 18 mm and 20 mm inhibition zones were reported. Furthermore, the dilution method, the crude extract's minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was tested against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μg/mL. The MIC value of the crude extract was found to be 40 μg/mL. Furthermore, crude methanolic extracts of Neprolepis exaltata were subjected to GC-MS analysis, and 22 phytochemicals were identified. Compound 2, 3-Diazabicyclo [2.2.1] hept-2-ene, has shown the highest binding affinity of -6.6 kcal/mol based on molecular docking. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations determine the structural dynamics of the sphingosine kinase 1 complex with ligands (2ME, BEN, ARC). Factors such as RMSD, RMSF, Rg, SASA, and H bonding were examined to investigate the dynamic changes in ligand binding. The RMSD revealed stable equilibration within 10 ns, illustrating stability throughout the 100 ns simulation. The RMSF results indicate that ligand binding influences the flexibility of the protein, as indicated by the lower fluctuations for 2ME and BEN. Ligand binding increased solvent accessibility, and the greater compactness of the complex systems was indicated by Rg and SASA values. The stable interactions of H bonds were examined, and principal component analysis confirmed the lower flexibility of the ligand-bound complexes. The MM-PBSA method revealed the binding affinity of van der Waal energy, electrostatic energy, polar solvation energy, and binding energy of 1MWS-2ME, 1MWS-BEN, and 1MWS-ARC.

Optimising Saltwater Coolants in Peltier-Based Systems for Enhanced Fever Management and Energy Efficiency

Faiza Yuniati, Erwin Erwin, Sherli Shobur — Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Fever management in paediatric care requires efficient and reliable cooling systems; however, traditional methods often fail to meet these demands due to discomfort and maintenance challenges. This study investigates the effectiveness of different saltwater concentrations (5%, 10%, and 20%) as coolants in a Peltier-based cooling system designed to enhance cooling efficiency for paediatric fever management. The research aims to identify the optimal salt concentration that maximises cooling performance and energy efficiency. An experimental setup was used to compare the cooling performance of the three saltwater solutions against pure water, with temperature data collected at one-minute intervals over a 60-minute period. Key parameters measured included temperature reduction and energy consumption. The results demonstrated that the 10% saltwater solution achieved the greatest temperature reduction and energy efficiency, significantly outperforming both the higher (20%) and lower (5%) salt concentrations, as well as pure water. In contrast, the 20% saltwater solution initially exhibited a temperature increase, likely due to its higher viscosity, which hindered heat dissipation. The 5% saltwater solution provided only marginal improvements over pure water, indicating the necessity of an optimal salt concentration for effective cooling. These findings suggest that optimising salt concentration in coolants is critical for enhancing the performance of Peltier-based cooling systems, particularly in medical applications requiring precise temperature control. The study provides valuable insights for developing more efficient and reliable fever management systems, with broader implications for various medical and industrial cooling applications.

Characterization and Cytotoxic Activity Evaluation of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Enzyme Purified From Escherichia coli.

Wissam Okab Mhmood, Asmaa Ali Hussein — Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are antioxidant metalloenzymes produced by all living cells, including E. coli. SODs enzymes have several roles in treatment of different diseases, including tumors. Its catalysing the dismutation of superoxide free radicals (O₂^•–) to H₂O₂ and H₂O to protect cells against their harmful effects. This might prevent damage to tissues. Objective: Production and purification of antitumor enzyme (superoxide dismutase) from local isolate Escherichia coli. Methods: SOD was partially purified from E. coli using ammonium sulphate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose ion exchange and sephadex G-150 Gel filtration chromatography. Subsequently, the molecular weight of the purified SOD was determined using SDS-PAGE. Moreover, the activity and stability of SOD were examined under different pH and temperature values. Finally, cytotoxic potential assessed against colon cancer and normal cell lines. Results: Crude extract of SOD was partially purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose ion and sephadex G-150 Gel filtration chromatography, whereas specific activity of SOD was increased from 314.2 into 1357 U/mg protein with 3.5-fold and yield (52.5%). The activity and stability of SOD were examined under different pH and temperature values. The maximum SOD activity was 95 U/ml at pH 6, while the stability of enzyme (90 – 100%) at pH range (6-8). The maximum activity at 37^oC. At 32-37^oC, SOD enzyme was stable with remaining activity of 100%. Various agents (NaCl, CaCl₂, H₂O₂, MnSO4 and urea) were used to estimate their effects on enzyme stability. The enzyme was maintaining its activity (100%) in presence of NaCl, CaCl₂ and H₂O₂, while completely lose its activity in presence of urea (0.1M), and this activity was increased into 140% in presence of MnSO4 (0.1 M). Cytotoxicity of purified SOD was exanimated on primary dermal fibroblast normal (Hdfn) and a human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell-line (Caco-2) cell lines. The viability of (Caco-2) was decreased into 45% after treatment with SOD enzyme at 400 µg/ml after 24 hrs. On the other hand, the viability of HdFn was decreased into 75% after treatment with SOD enzyme at concentration of 400 µg/ml after 24 hrs. Conclusion: Lower IC₅₀ values indicate a stronger inhibition of cell viability at higher doses of SOD. Which suggesting its potential therapeutic for future applications.

Enhancing Ezetimibe Absorption: Formation and Characterization of Drug Cocrystals with Carboxylic Acid Coformers

Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Ezetimibe (EZT) is a newer FDA-approved drug that inhibits cholesterol absorption in the intestines without affecting the uptake of fat-soluble vitamins. However, EZT is classified under the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) as a Class II drug, characterised by low solubility and limited absorption. Objective: This study aims to enhance the solubility and bioavailability of EZT through cocrystallisation with carboxylic acid coformers. Methods: Cocrystals were prepared using the solvent-drop grinding technique. Characterisation was performed using Particle Size Analysis (PSA), Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and dissolution testing. Results: The EZT cocrystals exhibited a smaller particle size (0.728 µm) compared to pure EZT (1.049 µm), and PXRD analysis confirmed the formation of a new crystalline phase. DSC results showed a reduced melting point for the cocrystal (76.99°C) compared to pure EZT (81.54°C), while FTIR spectra indicated the formation of hydrogen bonds. SEM images revealed that the cocrystals had a more fragmented and rougher morphology compared to the smoother particles of pure EZT. Dissolution testing demonstrated enhanced solubility, with 49.13% of the EZT cocrystal dissolved at 15 minutes versus 13.90% for pure EZT, indicating improved potential for absorption and therapeutic efficacy. Conclusion: The formation of EZT cocrystals significantly enhances the drug’s solubility and absorption, supporting the potential of cocrystallisation as an effective strategy for improving the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.

Development and Validation of HPTLC Method for Estimation of Kaempferol and Luteolin in Arjunarishta Formulations Prepared by Traditional and Non-Traditional Mode

Atish Yadaorao Sahare, Ravi Khatri — Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Arjunarishta is an arishta preparation that evolved through the utilisation of specific ingredients via fermentation. It safeguards and fortifies the circulatory system and optimises heart muscle function by influencing cholesterol levels and blood pressure. The analysis of kaempferol and luteolin in Arjunarishta formulations prepared by the traditional mode (AT), non-traditional modes (AI and AS), as well as in the commercial Arjunarishta version (AM), has been made reliable through the development of a simpler, error-free, and precise HPTLC approach. The isolated yeast species obtained from Madhuca indica flowers and the standard strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae SC1011 were adopted to accelerate the fermentation rate in the non-traditional Arjunarishta formulations, AI and AS, respectively. The developed HPTLC approach has been evaluated with respect to linearity, robustness, ruggedness, quantification and detection limits, and accuracy. It was found that the levels of luteolin in AI, AS, AT, and AM were 0.285%, 0.267%, 0.135%, and 0.106% w/w, respectively, and the levels of kaempferol were 0.355%, 0.361%, 0.342%, and 0.224% w/w, respectively. This documented work is the first report on the HPTLC determination of luteolin and kaempferol in Arjunarishta. Numerous investigations have demonstrated the antioxidative and protective effects of these compounds on cardiovascular health. The rigorous qualitative and quantitative analysis of kaempferol and luteolin via HPTLC not only validates the presence and concentration of these compounds but also ensures the therapeutic efficacy and safety of Arjunarishta. This scientific validation is crucial for establishing Arjunarishta as a reliable formulation for managing disorders of the circulatory system.

Enhanced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress due to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus -2 Delta Strain could Induce Cytokine Storm Causing More Clinical Severities/Mortalities

Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Severe Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is one of the fast-replicating viruses known till date and with many variants reported all across the world. During the events of its replication and multiplication inside the host cell, it causes Endoplasmic Reticulum stress and activates the host intracellular defense mechanism, Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) to limit the replication and protein synthesis processes. The deep pathophysiology of IRE1alpha during viral infection and its intracellular defense mechanism is not fully clear. At the time of ER stress, the Inositol requiting enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1-alpha) activates both pro-survival and pro-apoptotic cellular responses. It also triggers the interferon production. Due to ongoing viral protein synthesis, the hosts’ protein translation is hindered and this may lead to programmed cell death. In case of SARS-CoV-2 infection caused by different variants in different host, we predict that these events may differ. Hence, to understand the variant specific cellular pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 we performed the quantitative ELISA of IRE-1 antigen in Wuhan, Delta and Omicron variants in cultured Vero E6 cells. This study i.e. IRE1-alpha intracellular defense mechanism against SARS-CoV-2 was also confirmed using bioinformatic tools.

Avifaunal Diversity of Patna Bird Sanctuary under the Taj Trapezium Zone in India

Anurag Yadav, Sant Prakash — Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The paper documents the avifaunal diversity of Patna Bird Sanctuary during a continuous survey period from March 2023 to February 2024. This sanctuary is a vital wetland component of the Taj Trapezium Zone (TTZ). A total of 127 bird species, comprising 19 orders and 47 families, were observed using the fixed radius point count method. The study emphasises the importance of continued monitoring to understand seasonal variations, population trends, and the conservation needs of avifauna in this region. These findings provide a valuable baseline for ongoing ecological sustainability and contribute to the quality of life in the wetlands of the Taj Trapezium Zone.

Comparing the Toxicity Effect Induced by Bisphenol A and Bisphenol S In the Zebrafish Model

Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Introduction: With the shift from Bisphenol A (BPA) to Bisphenol S (BPS) in consumer products, there is limited knowledge on BPS's impact on human health. This study compares the toxicity of BPA and BPS on zebrafish embryos. Materials and Methods: Zebrafish embryos (n=10) were exposed to BPA and BPS at concentrations of 10 µM and 20 µM in each well of 24-well plates. Mortality rates were assessed at 120 hours post-fertilization (hpf). Hatching rates were evaluated at 72 and 96 hpf using a modified protocol. Cardiotoxicity was assessed by measuring heart rate and pericardial edema at 96 hpf. Results and Discussion: Neither BPA nor BPS had a significant impact on mortality or hatching rates in zebrafish embryos. In the cardiotoxicity assay, exposure to 10 µM BPA led to an increased heart rate, while 20 µM BPA significantly reduced it. Both BPS concentrations did not significantly alter the embryos’ heart rate compared to the control. Pericardial edema was observed in both 10 µM and 20 µM BPA groups, but not in BPS-treated groups. Conclusion: BPS demonstrates lower toxicity than BPA concerning mortality and cardiotoxicity in zebrafish embryos, though neither compound affected hatching rates.

Impact of Si-NPs on Eggplant Growth and Yield During Drought Stress

Hadi Hoobi Shallal, Reem Omran — Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Silicon has also been noted as beneficial to plant growth positively, though its potential compared to ordinary silicon is not well established. Various physiological properties of nano-silicon make it possible for the plants to be easily penetrated and then influence metabolic activities. Also, due to its nonstructural porosity; hence, it is also an effective transporter for agricultural chemicals. Methods: Field trial was carried out in 2023 to ascertain the effect of nano silicon foliar spray on eggplant growth. The trial was conducted out in a completely randomized block design with three replications and nine treatments including a control and four nano-silicon treatments. Data recorded were observation on plant growth, chlorophyll content, fruit yield, and mineral composition in fruits. URE The acquired data was analyzed using the General Linear Model technique, and the means were compared using Duncan's multiple range test at a 5% probability. The results showed that the parameters of leaves, as well as the number of leaves and the leaf area, express nano-silicon at 15 ml/L and 20 ml/L. Therefore, it results in inducing a shifting quantity of chlorophyll as well as increasing total soluble sugar. As well as chlorine which followed iron so favorably protein and nitrogen levels influencing phosphorus, sodium, calcium, and iron as well as chlorophyll and leaf area. The ratio of microelemental quantity in the plant tissues to its equivalent amount of sodium, magnesium, calcium, and potassium indicates why the protein levels are high.

Isolation of Genomic DNA From Six Species of Phlogacanthus Nees by Standardized CTAB Method

Neetumalata Boro, Bandana Nabis Das — Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Phlogacanthus Nees is an ethnomedicinal genus native to North-East India, rich in numerous phytochemical compounds that are pharmacologically significant. Plants from this genus have been used in traditional and herbal medicine. The CTAB extraction method has been employed for the preliminary molecular investigation, specifically for DNA isolation, as the first step towards advanced molecular studies. Total genomic DNA extraction and quantification were carried out in six species of Phlogacanthus Nees, namely Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus Nees, Phlogacanthus scurviflorus (Wall.) Nees, Phlogacanthus jenkinsii C.B. Clarke, Phlogacanthus quadrangularis (Hook.) Heine, Phlogacanthus guttatus Nees, and Phlogacanthus parviflorus T. Anderson. The CTAB protocol, standardised for this genus, yielded a high quantity of DNA with better concentration and a purity ratio between 1.8 and 2.2, compared to the original standard protocol from fresh leaf tissue. The original protocol produced up to 220 ng/μl, while the kit protocol gave up to 600 ng/μl of DNA concentration. Therefore, the standardised CTAB protocol proved to be the most suitable method for rapid and efficient DNA extraction from the fresh leaf tissue of Phlogacanthus Nees, yielding between 100 and 1500 ng/μl of DNA—substantially higher than the other two protocols. In conclusion, the standardisation of the protocol results in high-quality, concentrated DNA, which is valuable for further molecular biological applications.

Economic Importance and Traditional Knowledge on Marine Macroalgae among Locals of Sacol Island, Zamboanga City, Philippines

Gualberto Abunas Lantaya, Genelyn G. Madjos — Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Marine macroalgae have various uses and hold significant economic importance for locals living in coastal communities due to their diverse health-promoting activities and nutritional benefits. This study identified and explored economically important marine macroalgae and the traditional knowledge among locals residing in Pasilmanta, Sacol Island, Zamboanga City, Philippines. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with local informants (N=30) belonging to different ethnolinguistic groups—Sama-Banguingui, Yakan, and Tausug—who were selected through snowball sampling. Seven (7) species of marine macroalgae, mainly from the classes Chlorophyta and Phaeophyta, were reported to have ethnomedicinal properties and are considered economically important. A literature review of the bioactivities and active physiological components of the documented algal species is also presented in this paper. Further research, community immersion, and field mapping of marine macroalgae covering the four main barangays of Sacol Island are recommended to provide a conclusive report and comprehensive documentation of the economic importance and traditional knowledge on seaweeds specific to the island’s inhabitants. Voucher specimens for a herbarium, a database for online reference, and an educational brochure are the tangible outcomes of this study.

Ecological Status of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. and its Associated Plants in the Context of Assam, India

Gunamoni Das, Nandini Sharma — Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Assam, a state rich in biodiversity, is home to Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb., a fast-growing, seasonal weed that is also consumed as a wild edible. The study revealed that the maximum growth of this weed occurs in the mid-summer months (June to September) in Assam. The plant contains phytochemical parameters like saponin, tannin, protein, flavonoids, steroids, and carbohydrates and is a highly nutritious plant. However, due to limited studies and a lack of proper scientific documentation, the plant remains underutilised. This research aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the ecological status of the plant in the different study areas under natural ecosystems. The ecological status of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. reflects the habitat, associated plants, and phytosociological parameters in randomly placed quadrates in different locations of Assam. In the present study the quantitative ecological parameters like Relative density (RD), Relative frequency (RF), Basal area (BA), Relative dominance (R dom), Importance Index Value (IVI), Simpson’s Diversity Index (D), Species richness index (Dmg), and Pielou’s evenness index (I) were conducted for Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb. by using standard methodology. The results showed that the average IVI value of this plant was 122.1, which indicated its high regeneration capacity and greater ecological amplitude among the other associated plant species. From this study, we can provide a comprehensive understanding of the ecological study, which may serve as a valuable reference for future research in this field.

Detection of Drug-Related Problems Associated with High-Risk Medications in a Clinical Setting – A Prospective Study

Ameena Kadar K A, Sreeja P A, Soumya P V, Dawn V J, Surabhi Mohan K, Irene V R — Wed, 06 Aug 2025 15:08:50 +0000

Background: Drug-Related Problems (DRPs) associated with High-Risk Medications (HRMs) present significant challenges in clinical practice, particularly among older adults with multiple comorbidities. This study aimed to identify, classify, and address DRPs in patients prescribed HRMs at a tertiary care hospital in Kerala. Methods: A prospective interventional study was conducted over ten months, enrolling 201 patients aged 18 years and above, of whom 193 completed the protocol. Prescriptions involving HRMs from the cardiology, neurology, general medicine, and psychiatry departments were reviewed using the APS-Doc framework to classify DRPs. Pharmacist-led interventions were implemented to resolve identified issues, including dosage adjustments, drug substitutions, and enhanced patient monitoring. Results: A total of 233 DRPs were identified, with potential drug-drug interactions (61.8%) being the most prevalent, followed by actual interactions (17.6%). Ten Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) were reported, with Verapamil causing the most frequent reaction (peripheral oedema). Overall, 198 interventions (85%) were accepted by physicians and implemented, contributing to improved medication safety and therapeutic outcomes. Conclusion: The study highlighted the critical need for systematic prescription review, interdisciplinary collaboration, and proactive clinical pharmacist involvement to enhance the safety of HRMs. The APS-Doc framework proved effective in identifying and addressing DRPs, emphasising its potential for broader adoption in similar clinical settings. Future multicentre research is needed to validate these findings across diverse patient populations.

Quantitative GC-MS and HPLC Profiling of n-hexane and Methanol Extracts from Curcuma zedoaria Leaves for Biomedical Applications

Abdulmutalib Allaq, Fatimah Salim, Muneer Alsayadi, Norrizah Jaafar Sidik — Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Curcuma zedoaria (Zingiberaceae), locally known as Temu putih or Kunyit putih, is widely used in Malaysia as a spice, flavouring agent, and postpartum remedy, often in combination with other medicinal plants. However, limited studies have explored the phytochemical composition of C. zedoaria leaves, particularly using extracts of varying polarities, despite the importance of this approach in capturing the full spectrum of bioactive compounds. HPLC analysis facilitated the detection of 18 polar constituents, notably flavonoids and coumarins, which are recognised for their therapeutic potential. In parallel, GC-MS profiling identified a broad spectrum of secondary metabolites, with the n-hexane extract yielding 37 compounds. In contrast, the methanol extract revealed 22 distinct peaks by GC-MS, reflecting a diverse range of phenolic derivatives and oxygenated diterpenes. Comparative results indicated distinct phytochemical patterns influenced by solvent polarity. These findings suggest that C. zedoaria leaves, often overlooked in favour of rhizomes, represent a substantial source of pharmacologically relevant compounds. This research contributes to expanding the phytochemical knowledge of the species and supports the valorisation of foliar biomass in pharmaceutical and industrial applications.

Comparative Analysis of Newer Oral Anticoagulants in the Management of Coronary Artery Disease: Safety and Efficacy in an Intensive Care Setting

Murali Krishna Kandukuri, Karthickeyan Krishnan — Thu, 31 Jul 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Background: Thrombotic events, bleeding complications, hypersensitivity reactions, and treatment compliance provide valuable insights for improving patients' access to anticoagulation guidelines and advancing patient-centred approaches in the care of individuals with thrombotic disorders. Aim: This study evaluated Warfarin, Apixaban, and Dabigatran for their clinical efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction in the treatment of long-term anticoagulated patients. Methods: A randomised study design comparing three patient groups was conducted. Mean values and frequencies were reported using descriptive statistics, and significant differences between the groups were determined using inferential statistics, namely ANOVA and Chi-square tests. Results: Warfarin was superior to Apixaban and Dabigatran in terms of bleeding risk but was inferior in patient compliance. It was less preferred due to an increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, venous thromboembolism, death, recovery, decompensation, and falls. Improvement in patient coagulation markers was also observed in the laboratory with Apixaban or Dabigatran. This confirmed the safety profile of the Apixaban group, which had the lowest hypersensitivity reactions and dropout rates. Thus, the study confirmed the hypothesis that DOACs are safer and more satisfactory for patients than Warfarin, supporting clinical preference for these newer agents. Conclusion: The results highlight the need for individualised strategies in anticoagulation to achieve optimal outcomes. The findings suggest that Apixaban and Dabigatran may be preferred oral options in long-term anticoagulation settings due to their improved safety, better patient compliance, and more favourable clinical outcomes.