International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research

Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Zingiber montanum: An Integrative Overview

2026-04-24T07:46:38+00:00

Zingiber montanum (syn. Zingiber cassumunar Roxb.) is a medicinal member of the Zingiberaceae widely utilised in Southeast Asian traditional systems. Increasing pharmacological investigation has generated substantial experimental evidence; however, interpretation remains limited by chemotypic variability, inconsistent extraction protocols, and heterogeneous experimental design. This review offers a comprehensive analysis of taxonomic verification, geographic distribution, phytochemical composition, and documented biological activities. Chemical analyses indicate a metabolite profile dominated by phenylbutenoids, curcuminoids, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes, with terpinen-4-ol and zerumbone frequently associated with bioactivity. Preclinical studies demonstrate redox modulation, anticancer and multidrug resistance–modulating effects, broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity, immune regulation, metabolic enzyme inhibition, dermatological applications, and preliminary antimalarial observations. Nevertheless, most findings derive from in vitro assays or short-term animal models, with limited pathway elucidation, inadequate standardisation of chemical fingerprints, and minimal pharmacokinetic or toxicological characterisation. Variability linked to solvent polarity and plant origin further complicates reproducibility and cross-study comparison. Although the species exhibits multifaceted biofunctional properties with relevance to nutraceutical, cosmeceutical, and phytopharmaceutical applications, translational positioning remains provisional due to the absence of controlled clinical validation. Future investigations should prioritise chemotype-controlled metabolomic profiling, defined molecular target mapping, reproducible doseresponse evaluation, and rigorously designed preclinical and clinical studies. By critically consolidating current evidence, this review delineates both the mechanistic potential and the methodological constraints of Z. Montanum, providing a structured foundation for future biomedical and industrial development.

Elemental Impurities for Hypertension Drug Product Injection by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry Using Validation and Development

2026-04-24T08:04:32+00:00

This study aimed to develop and validate a robust, sensitive, and accurate Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) method for the quantitative determination of elemental impurities in both the drug product and packaging materials of Hydralazine Hydrochloride for Injection, in compliance with ICH Q3D and USP <232>/<233> guidelines. The analysis was performed on a Thermo iCAP RQ ICP-MS system. The method optimized critical instrumental parameters, including dwell time (0.05 seconds), uptake time (60 seconds), wash time (20 seconds), and number of sweeps (30). An online internal standard mode was employed to correct for matrix effects and instrumental drift. The method was validated for system suitability, specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity in accordance with international regulatory standards. The method demonstrated excellent linearity for all target elemental impurities, with correlation coefficients (r) of 1.000 across the established concentration ranges. Recovery studies yielded mean recoveries of 96% to 107%, confirming the method's accuracy. The precision, expressed as %RSD, was below 20% (n=9), well within the acceptance criteria set by regulatory guidelines. All validation parameters met the predefined acceptance criteria, confirming the method's reliability for its intended use. A comprehensive, fully validated ICP-MS method was successfully established for the routine quality control of elemental impurities in Hydralazine Hydrochloride for Injection. This study is the first to report a validated methodology specifically tailored to this parenteral formulation, addressing critical patient safety requirements and the increasing regulatory demands of the upcoming 2025 pharmacopoeial standards. The method's high sensitivity and multi-element detection capabilities make it a robust tool for ensuring the safety of pharmaceutical products.

Relationship Between Parents’ and Indigenous Children’s Food Habits and Physical Activity

2026-04-24T08:08:35+00:00

Background: The surrounding domestic environment influences the indigenous children’s nutrition behaviour. This study examines the relationship between parental nutrition behaviour and children’s food habits and physical activities. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 146 indigenous parents and children from indigenous primary schools in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. A pre-tested and self-administered questionnaire was utilized to assess the food habits and physical activities among targeted parents and children. Results: Parental healthy nutrition behaviour, including the parents’ vegetables and fruits consumption were positively and significantly correlated with the children’s healthy food habits, vegetables and fruits consumption, as well as the children’s physical activities after adjusted for selected socio-demographic variables. Besides, parental physical activity was positively correlated with the children’s physical activities (r = 0.139, p = 0.044). Conclusion: The promotion of the parents’ fruits and vegetable consumption, and physical activity enhances the children’s healthy food habits and physical activities.

Microbial Fuel Cell for Bioremediation and Bioenergy Production Using Mixed Bacterial Culture Isolated from Municipal Waste

2026-04-24T07:46:38+00:00

Introduction: Bioelectrical devices are being studied in a pilot project to treat wastewater and provide electricity, focusing on four bacterial strains and their impact on system parameters. Objectives: In this study, four electrogenic microorganisms tolerant to sewage discharge were isolated and evaluated and named AKS2, AKS14, BKS2 and CKW5. Results: Sewage wastewater was treated with these four bacterial strains consortia in different configurations of microbial fuel cells (MFC). Compared to BKS2, which produced a potential difference of 1.916±0.045 V and 7.222±0.051 mA, AKS2 had a higher potential to generate energy, measuring 1.943±0.064 V and 7.793±0.007 mA. On the other hand, CKW5 may produce a potential difference of 7.205±0.039 mA and 1.895±0.066 V, which is higher than the isolates but less than that of AKS2 and BKS2. In pH 7 and 35ºC temperature with 15% (v/v) bacterial inoculum, AKS13 showed higher potential than AKS14, which generated 1.875±0.039 V and 7.195±0.027 mA. Whereas AKS14 generates 1.871±0.006 V and 7.192±0.009 mA. These isolates have the following bioremediation capacities: AKS2 (89.88%) > CKW5 (89%), >BKS2 (88%) > AKS14 (85.48%). Graph Pad PRISM software, version 9.1.5, was used to statistically validate all of the bio remedial percentages using a two-way repeated measure (RM) ANOVA. With a R squared value of 0.1017, the results were determined to be statistically significant at p < 0.01. The study characterized four potent bacterial isolates using 16S rDNA sequencing of AKS2, AKS14, BKS2, and CKW5, revealing Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Bacillus cereus, and Klebsiella pneumonia respectively. The novelty of the present study lies in the systematic isolation, comparative evaluation, and electrical stacking of indigenous electrogenic bacteria from municipal sewage wastewater for simultaneous bioremediation and bioelectricity generation in microbial fuel cells (MFC).

Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Regorafenib Monohydrate-Loaded PEGylated PLGA Nanoparticles Employing GastroPlusTM Software

2026-04-24T07:46:38+00:00

Nanoparticles (NPs) have transformed drug delivery by altering the pharmacokinetics of small-molecule therapeutics by dramatically enhancing solubility, bioavailability and tumour specificity. By leveraging the enhanced permeability and retention EPR effect characteristics of tumour vasculature, nanoparticles exhibit preferential localisation within neoplastic tissues, enabling deep intratumoral penetration and the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents with high spatial precision. When wrapped in hydrophilic polymers like polyethylene glycol (PEG), these smart carriers evade immune detection, extending systemic circulation and amplifying drug accumulation at the disease site. Yet the very properties that make NPs so effective, such as their tunable size, shape, surface charge, and chemistry, also render their in vivo behaviour highly complex and difficult to predict from traditional in vitro assays. To bridge this gap, advanced modelling methodologiessuch as physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling offer robust avenues for predicting the outcome, efficacy, and safety of these nanoengineered therapies. In these research findings, a robust rabbit physiologically based pharmacokinetic model or toxicokinetic model, has been calibrated and validated against reported literature to predict the pharmacokinetics of regorafenib monohydrate-loaded PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles. The model demonstrates a high degree of predictive reliability, with C_max and AUC estimations achieving fold errors near unity, underscoring its potential as a high-value asset for preclinical simulation, risk assessment, and design optimisation of nano-formulation. This innovative modelling approach accelerates the path from bench to bedside, offering a powerful tool through which the intricate dance of nanoparticles within the body can be precisely understood.

Bioremediation Efficacy of Chromium-Resistant Bacterial Isolates from Industrial Effluents at Krishna Ghat and Patliputra Industrial Area, Patna

2026-04-24T07:46:38+00:00

Chromium (Cr), released from different industries poses risks to living organisms, especially when anthropogenic activities raise its concentration in the environment. The present study therefore aims to find chromium-resistant bacteria for potential use in bioremediation. Wastewater samples from two industrial sites were collected, and six chromium-tolerant bacterial strains were isolated. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of all the six isolates was estimated against chromium. The results demonstrated that these isolates possess strong resistance to chromium, suggesting their potential effectiveness in detoxifying contaminated environments. Therefore, the study concludes that these chromium-resistant bacteria could serve as promising agents for bioremediation strategies aimed at reducing chromium pollution.

Pest Shield Granules and Grain Guardian Silica Beads Developed Using Extracts of Decalepis hamiltonii: A Safe Natural Agent for Pest Management

2026-04-24T07:46:38+00:00

Decalepis hamiltonii, an endangered medicinal plant traditionally valued for its pest-resistant roots used in treating various ailments, has faced depletion due to excessive root use. To conserve the plant, this study shifted focus to the leaves, revealing their potential as bio-insecticide for stored food grains, thereby highlighting both conservation and scientific inquiry. The present study evaluates different solvent extracts of Decalepis hamiltonii for pesticidal activity against two pests, Spodoptera litura and Callosobruchus macculatus. GCMS study was carried out to understand the bioactive constituents present in the extract. Additionally, the fractions were screened for cytotoxic activity using the brine shrimp lethality bioassay. The brine shrimp lethality bioassay indicated the toxicity of the extracts, with methanol showing the lowest LC50 of 32 ppm. Remarkably significant pesticidal activity against Spodoptera litura (LC50 40.30 μg/ml) and Callosobruchus macculatus (LC50 21.2 mg/ml) were observed for methanolic extract of Decalepis hamiltonii. Innovative formulations, such as effervescent granules and drug-loaded silica beads for pesticidal purposes, yielded promising results. This study provides valuable insights into Decalepis hamiltonii, highlighting its potential as a natural pesticide due to the presence of many important compounds especially, Benzyl Benzoate, Docosane and Octadecane (identified by GCMS), and serving as a crucial reference for future research on its medicinal applications.

Multi-Stage Growth Parameter Correlation, Yield Prediction Models, and Sustainability Analysis for Soybean and Pigeon Pea

2026-04-24T07:46:38+00:00

Enhancing crop productivity and sustainability is a critical priority in modern agriculture, particularly for leguminous crops such as soybean (Glycine max L.) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.), which play a vital role in global food security and soil fertility improvement. Accurate yield prediction models integrating multi-stage growth parameters can enable informed decision-making for crop management and resource optimisation. However, limited studies have simultaneously examined stage-wise parameter correlations, regression-based yield estimation, and sustainability metrics for these crops under varied treatments. This study aims to develop and evaluate multi-stage correlation matrices, regression models, and sustainability indices for soybean and pigeon pea yields using a comprehensive set of morphological and physiological parameters observed across key developmental stages. The parameters included seed yield (SY), dry matter (DM), plant height (PH), number of functional leaves (NFL), number of branches (NOB), leaf area (LA), number of pods (NOP), leaf area duration (LAD), pod weight (PW), number of seeds (NOS), seed weight (SW), test weight (TW), and harvest index (HI), with model performance evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R²) and prediction error (PE). Results revealed strong positive correlations between LA, NOP, PW, and SY in soybean, and between DM, NOP, and SY in pigeon pea at later growth stages, with regression models achieving R² values exceeding 0.90 for the best-performing treatments. Sustainability yield index (SYI) analysis indicated that specific treatments consistently maintained high yield stability across seasons. The findings conclude that integrating multi-stage growth parameters into regression models significantly improves yield prediction accuracy and aids in identifying treatments that enhance sustainability. The developed models can serve as decision-support tools for optimising crop management practices, and future research may extend this approach to other legume species and integrate remote sensing data for real-time yield forecasting.

Assessment of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of Pokea Clam (Batissa violacea celebensis) Protein Hydrolysates: An in vitro Approach

2026-04-24T07:46:38+00:00

The pokea clam (Batissa violacea celebencis Martens, 1897), a freshwater bivalve of the Corbiculidae family, is indigenous to the Pohara River in Konawe, Southeast Sulawesi. Recognised as an endemic species, it has been traditionally utilised by local populations for the treatment of ailments such as jaundice, malaria, asthma, high blood pressure, and fever. Marine-derived bioactive peptides, especially from bivalves, can be extracted via enzymatic hydrolysis, producing protein hydrolysates known for their potential in functional food applications. These hydrolysates possess notable health-promoting properties, including antioxidant and antibacterial effects, which may offer advantages over synthetic alternatives. In this study, the antioxidant capacity of pokea clam protein hydrolysates was analysed using DPPH and ABTS methods, resulting in IC₅₀ values of 52.304 mg/mL and 81.268 mg/mL, respectively. Antibacterial testing via the agar diffusion technique demonstrated strong inhibitory effects against Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli, with respective inhibition zone diameters of 28 mm, 23 mm, and 18.5 mm. These findings underscore the potential of pokea clam protein hydrolysates as therapeutic agents for oxidative stress and bacterial infections.

Ethnobotanical Insights: Phytochemical Richness, Nutritional Potential, and Bioactivity Evaluation of Bambusa arundinacea and Bambusa nutans

2026-04-24T07:46:39+00:00

Bamboo species are widely utilized in traditional medicine, yet their pharmacological and nutritional potential remains insufficiently explored. This study specifically investigates the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical composition, nutritional profile, and bioactivities of Bambusa arundinacea and Bambusa nutans from Odisha, India. Ethnobotanical surveys using structured interviews confirmed their application in treating gastrointestinal disorders, wound healing, and infectious diseases. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, and saponins, with B. arundinacea exhibiting comparatively higher phenolic and flavonoid contents. Nutritional analysis demonstrated appreciable levels of protein, crude fiber, carbohydrates, and essential minerals, highlighting their nutraceutical value. Bioactivity assays showed strong antioxidant activity (DPPH), significant antibacterial effects against Salmonella typhi, and pronounced anthelmintic activity, with B. arundinacea producing shorter paralysis and death times than B. nutans. The Brine Shrimp Lethality Assay further indicated notable cytotoxicity, suggesting the presence of pharmacologically active compounds. Overall, B. arundinacea displayed comparatively superior bioactivity and phytochemical richness, supporting traditional medicinal claims and establishing both species as promising sources of antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antiparasitic agents, thereby warranting further isolation and characterization of active constituents.

Nutritional Benefits of Innovative Papaya-based Zooplankton for Ornamental Fish Growth, Chiefly Guppy Fishes (Poecilia reticulata)

2026-04-24T07:46:39+00:00

Zooplankton plays a key role in linking primary producers to higher-level consumers within the aquatic food web. More than 75% of fish species consume zooplankton. The availability of live feed cultures is vital for the growth of aquaculture ventures. Daphnia and Moina are the two typical zooplankton species frequently used in fish care. A laboratory study was conducted to assess the growth and production of two specific zooplankton species, highlighting their potential as fish food. Daphnia and Moina are generally cultured with cow dung cake, yeast, and green pond water as growth resources. Our innovation introduces papaya leaves and stems into the zooplankton culture, as papaya leaves are a rich source of nutrients and vitamins. Observations over 10 days indicated significant growth of zooplankton when papaya leaves and stems were introduced. We studied guppy fish (Poecilia reticulata), one of the most popular ornamental fish, hypothesizing that live feed would impact the growth and colouration of guppies. Supporting our hypothesis, both male and female guppies exhibited more vivid colours and faster growth rates when fed a mixture of Moina and Daphnia cultured with papaya leaves and stems, compared to others. Zooplankton growth and water quality analysis of different fish aquaria also showed significant differences. We can conclude that a live mixture of Daphnia and Moina, innovatively cultured with papaya leaves and stems, provides nutritional benefits to the zooplankton, significantly enhancing the growth and colouration of guppy fish with fewer toxic effects. This innovation will make a revolution in the ornamental fish industry in the near future.

Optimization of Prodigiosin Production in Serratia marcescens: Effects of Growth Parameters on Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Activities

2026-04-24T07:46:39+00:00

In this study, we isolated a red-colonial strain from marine soil collected in Colachel, Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu, and identified it as Serratia marcescens via 16S rRNA sequencing. Optimization of various growth parameters was performed to increase pigment prodigiosin production. Mannitol was found to be an ideal carbon source with an optical density (OD) value of 1.99. A pH level (OD 1.92) and temperature of 27°C (OD 1.95) also promoted the favorable synthesis of pigment. Moreover, low salt concentration (0.5% NaCl) and a prolonged incubation period (120 h) significantly increased prodigiosin yield. It was found that higher prodigiosin production was achieved under shaking conditions (OD 2.25) than under static conditions (OD 1.12), and the pigment was maintained in methanol. The prodigiosin exhibited a strong antimicrobial effect against Staphylococcus aureus, with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 38 mm. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the produced prodigiosin were 62.50 µg/mL. The index of 0.50 of the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) was an indication of the strong synergistic effect between prodigiosin and streptomycin. The pigment neutralized DPPH radicals and exhibited strong anticancer activity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. This thorough study not only explains why optimizing the various growth parameters is important for maximizing prodigiosin synthesis but also examines their utility with respect to potency in both therapeutic and textile applications.

Study of Some Virulence Factors and Resistance Patterns in Extended Spectrum β-Lactamases-Producing Uropathogenic Escherichia coli

2026-04-24T07:46:39+00:00

Background: The Enterobacteriaceae family is mostly responsible for infections of urinary tract, which are among the greatest prevalent conditions developed by bacteria in people, including Escherichia coli. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs)-producing Escherichia. Coli are a leading source of community and hospital-acquired infections globally. These bacteria are resistant to both non-β-lactam and β-lactam antibiotics. The capacity of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains to result in urinary tract infection is associated with the formation of several virulence factors. Aim: This study was performed to isolate and determine ESBLs-producing uropathogenicEscherichia coli then find out the patterns and changes in the antibiotic resistance profile. Methods: The time range for this cross-sectional study was October 2024-January 2025, including 155 midurine samples collected from outpatients at Al-Najaf hospitals. Microscopy and macroscopic tests were performed for identifying E. coli isolates. Phenotypic recognition of ESBLs using the double disc synergy test (DDST), then molecular detection by multiplex polymerase chain reaction of virulence factors. Results: The distribution of 155 isolates showed 78 (50.3%) were UPEC strains, and the other uropathogenic bacteria were 77 (49.7%). The phenotypic method showed that 39 (50%) reported using the DDST were ESBLs-producers. Results of antibiotic susceptibility in this study among 39 ESBLs-producing UPEC isolates revealed that Meropenem had the highest susceptibility, Fosfomycin, Chloramphenicol, and Nitrofurantoin at 36 (92.3%), 38 (97.4%), 37 (94.8%), and 36 (92.3%), respectively. The results revealed that only one gene out of the five types of virulence factors, thepap gene, was observed in 12 (60%) of the isolates. The remaining factors were absent fimH, sfa, pic, aer (0.0%(. Conclusion: Most of the ESBLs-producing UPEC isolates have the pap gene, while other virulence factor genes (sfa, fimH, aer, and pic) were not encoded in the 20 UPEC isolates.

Oxidative Stress Induced Alterations in Red Blood Cells and Their Role in Cardiovascular Pathophysiology

2026-04-24T07:46:39+00:00

Introduction: Oxidative stress is a fundamental contributor to cardiovascular pathophysiology, primarily through excessive generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that disrupt cellular homeostasis. Red blood cells play a critical role in oxygen transport and redox balance; however, they are highly vulnerable to oxidative damage, which may impair their structural integrity and promote vascular dysfunction. Objective: This study aimed to examine oxidative stress-induced alterations in red blood cell parameters, antioxidant defence systems, and inflammatory responses, and to elucidate their potential role in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Methods: An experimental laboratory study was conducted using 30 male Wistar rats randomly assigned to control and oxidative stress groups. Oxidative stress was induced by intraperitoneal administration of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) for 14 days. Haematological indices, including red blood cell count, haematocrit, and haemoglobin levels, were evaluated. Oxidative damage and antioxidant status were assessed by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was analysed as an indicator of systemic inflammation. Data were analysed using independent t-tests with a significance level of α = 0.05. Results:The oxidative stress group demonstrated a significant decline in haematological parameters compared with the control group, including red blood cell count (5.98 ± 0.38 vs. 6.75 ± 0.41 ×10⁶/µL, p = 0.001), haematocrit (38.7 ± 3.2% vs. 43.5 ± 2.8%, p = 0.002), and haemoglobin concentration (12.5 ± 1.1 vs. 14.3 ± 0.9 g/dL, p = 0.001). Markers of oxidative damage were markedly elevated, as indicated by increased malondialdehyde levels (5.3 ± 1.0 vs. 2.1 ± 0.6 nmol/mL, p< 0.001). Conversely, antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly reduced in the oxidative stress group, including superoxide dismutase (1.92 ± 0.35 vs. 2.85 ± 0.43 U/mL, p< 0.001), catalase (32.6 ± 4.3 vs. 48.2 ± 5.1 U/mg protein, p< 0.001), and glutathione peroxidase (54.1 ± 7.4 vs. 71.4 ± 6.8 U/mL, p< 0.001). In addition, serum C-reactive protein levels were significantly higher in the oxidative stress group (4.9 ± 1.2 vs. 1.4 ± 0.7 mg/L, p< 0.001), indicating enhanced systemic inflammation. Conclusion: Oxidative stress induces pronounced alterations in red blood cell integrity, suppresses antioxidant defence mechanisms, and triggers systemic inflammation. These changes represent key early events in cardiovascular pathophysiology and highlight erythrocyte-related oxidative biomarkers as potential indicators for cardiovascular risk assessment.

Genotypic and Phenotypic Insights into Biofilm-Associated Genes in Clinical Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates from Hospitalized Patients in Duhok, Iraq

2026-04-24T07:46:39+00:00

Introduction: Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is an opportunistic pathogen responsible for various nosocomial infections, and it is also capable of forming biofilms. It commonly develops multi-drug resistance (MDR). Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of biofilm formation in Acinetobacter baumannii isolates that were taken from various clinical specimens and to identify genetic markers associated with biofilm development. Furthermore, the study examined the relationship between the isolate’s genetic makeup and phenotypic characteristics. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 514 consecutive clinical samples (urine, sputum, blood, CSF, wound swab, throat swab) were collected. Bacterial identification was achieved through colony morphology, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. The VITEK 2 system confirmed the isolates, and molecular confirmation was accomplished by amplifying the housekeeping gene 16srRNA. The isolates were stored at -80°C for further analysis. The phenotypic micro-titer plate test and the PCR-based identification of biofilm-forming genes identification were performed on isolated A. baumannii. Results: Among 514 clinical samples, Acinetobacter baumannii was isolated in (n = 57, 11.1%), most commonly from sputum (n = 17, 29.8%) and urine (n = 16, 28.1%). Strong biofilm formation was observed in (n = 36, 63.2%) of isolates, predominantly associated with extensively drug-resistant (XDR) profiles. Biofilm-related genes were highly prevalent: csuE (n = 55, 96.5%), bap (n = 54, 94.7%), bfmS (n = 50, 87.7%), and ompA (n = 49, 86.0%), whereas blaPER-1 was detected in a smaller fraction (n = 11, 19.3%). Resistance was widespread across β-lactams, carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones, while colistin remained the most effective antibiotic (n = 45, 78.9%). No pan-drug-resistant (PDR) isolates were identified, highlighting the persistent threat of biofilm-associated multidrug-resistant A. baumannii in clinical settings. Conclusion: Pneumonia is the primary infection caused by A. baumannii. It demonstrates significant biofilm formation accompanied by β-lactam/carbapenem drug resistance while remaining sensitive to colistin. CsuE and Bap have a strong relationship with biofilm formation.

In vitro Antifungal Activity of Medicinal Plant Extracts Against Mucorales and Chemical Characterization of Garlic Extract by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

2026-04-24T07:46:39+00:00

The medicinal plant exhibits antimicrobial activities and therapeutic properties (antibacterial, antiviral, fungicidal, anti-cardiovascular disease, anticancer, antidiabetic, antihypertensive) over a wide range of microorganisms. This broad- spectrum was designed to evaluate the in vitro antimycotic activity of 5 medicinal plants against four selected fungal strains (Rhizopus sp., Mucor sp., Absidia blakesleeana and Rhizomucor pusillus). In this research, the 20 plant extracts of 5 plant species were prepared using four solvents (petroleum ether, aqueous, ethanol and methanol) of required concentration by following maceration process. The antifungal activity of plants was determined by performing agar well diffusion method. Petroleum ether extract of Allium sativum showed more activity with zone of inhibition against Rhizopus sp. (15mm), Mucor sp. (25mm), Absidia blakesleeana (18mm) and Rhizomucor pusillus (19mm) as compared to other plants. Qualitative Phytochemicals analysis was screened of most potent antifungal plant, Allium sativum. Garlic petroleum ether solvent showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and phenols. The minimum inhibitory concentration of most promising agent Allium sativum was examined by two-fold macro-dilution agar plate method against four fungal strains (Rhizopus sp. 0.67 mg/ml, Mucor sp. 10 mg/ml, Absidia blakesleeana1.25 mg/ml, and Rhizomucor pusillus 1.25 mg/ml).GC-MS analysis of petroleum ether extracts of Allium sativum (garlic) revealed various sulphur-containing compounds, including diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, and allyl methyl trisulfide, which are responsible for its antifungal activity. The major bioactive compounds present in the GC-MS analysis carried on petroleum ether extract of Allium sativum were 3-Vinyl-1,2- dithiacyclohex-5-ene (97.37% probability), 3-Vinyl-1,2- dithiacyclohex-5-ene (dithiins) (92.94%), 3-Vinyl-1,2- dithiacyclohex-5-ene (92.46%),1-Hexanone, 5-methyl-1- phenyl (86.8%), 3-Vinyl-1,2- dithiacyclohex-5-ene (86.20%). This work suggests that, following appropriate in vivo research, garlic extracts may be utilized as an antibiotic substitute.

Cardioprotective Potential of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia) Essential Oil: A Zebra Fish Model Study on Donepezil-HCl Induced Cardiotoxicity with Biochemical Analysis

2026-04-24T07:46:39+00:00

Background: Drug-induced cardiotoxicity is a major limitation in long-term pharmacotherapy and is often mediated through oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways. Donepezil, a widely prescribed acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, has been reported to induce adverse cardiovascular effects. Methods: The present study evaluated the cardioprotective potential of hexane-extracted Momordica charantia essential oil (MCEO) against Donepezil-induced cardiotoxicity using a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. Antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH radical scavenging and total antioxidant capacity assays, while anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by red blood cell membrane stabilization. Gene expression of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was analyzed using RT-PCR in zebrafish heart tissue. Results: MCEO demonstrated significant free radical scavenging activity and concentration-dependent enhancement of total antioxidant capacity. The essential oil also exhibited marked anti-inflammatory activity by stabilizing erythrocyte membranes. Donepezil exposure significantly increased MPO expression and reduced HSP70 expression, indicating enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation. Treatment with MCEO significantly reduced MPO expression and restored HSP70 levels toward normal. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that Momordica charantia essential oil exerts cardioprotective effects against Donepezil-induced cardiotoxicity through antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. MCEO shows promise as a natural cardioprotective agent against drug-induced cardiac injury.

Analysis of Bioactive Compounds Using LC-HRMS and Antioxidant Potential Test of Rhizophora mucronata Leaves: in vitro, Bioinformatic, and Molecular Docking Studies

2026-04-24T14:56:54+00:00

Increased concentration of free radical exposure in the body can cause various serious health problems, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, tumors, and so on. Free radicals at low concentrations have a physiological role in various cellular activities in the body. Therefore, the condition of free radical concentration needs to be controlled with antioxidants. Antioxidants have an important role in maintaining and protecting the body from free radical exposure. Antioxidants are divided into two: exogenous and endogenous. Endogenous is obtained from the results of enzymatic reactions in the body, while exogenous is obtained from outside the body through food sources (synthetic and natural). Exogenous antioxidants from synthetic sources such as BHT, BHA, and others are considered unsafe, and long-term use is very dangerous for the body. Therefore, natural resources are a safe choice to use. One plant that can be explored for its potential antioxidant activity is Rhizophoramucronata (R. mucronata) leaves. The results of the water extract investigation contain phenolic and flavonoid groups and provide antioxidant activity in the moderate category. The results of the LC-HRMS analysis showed that the compound methyl α-D-mannoside had the highest content of 23.20%. A bioinformatics study using six of the highest concentrations of bioactive compounds targets the TP-binding cassette (ABC) protein receptor subfamily C member 9 (ABCC9). Regulation of this protein's expression plays a crucial role in the development and prevention of various diseases. In vitro antioxidant activity testing and bioinformatics studies revealed that this plant leaf component has potential for further investigation.