A Brief Review on Present Status of Rice Tungro Disease: Types of Viruses, Vectors, Occurrence, Symptoms, Control and Resistant Rice Varieties
Abstract
One of the biggest threats to the world's sustainable yearly rice supply is Rice Tungro Disease (RTD), which is currently the most damaging viral disease of rice in South and Southeast Asia. The growing global population has led to a rise in the demand for food, making it necessary to discover the causes, symptoms, and management strategies of diseases in order to lessen the economic harm that rice pathogens inflict. According to statistics, this viral illness of rice can result in a 2% national loss in India. In susceptible rice growers, rice tungro manifests as severe yellowing and stunting composite illness caused by combined infection of two unrelated viruses, Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus (RTBV) & Rice Tungro Spherical Virus (RTSV). The Green Leafhopper (GLH) Nephotettix virescens Distant serves as the vector for both viruses. One of the most destructive rice pests in Asia's rice-growing regions is the green leafhopper (GLH). The green leafhopper nymphs and adults suck the plant sap and block the vascular bundles with Stylet sheaths to feed on rice. This review describes the different types of viruses, their genomic architectures, the types of vectors that carry them, when they arise, the symptoms that affect sick plants exhibit, how to control and eradicate the disease, and rice varieties that are resistant to them.
Keywords:
Resistance, Rice, RTBV, RTD, RTSV, Tungro, Virus, Yield
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References
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Azgar Md.A. &YonzoneR.(2018).Studies on the Incidence of RTV and Population dynamics of it’s predominant vector. Int.J.Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 7(3), 778-786.
Azzam O. & Chancellor T. C.B. (2002). The Biology, Epidemiology and Management of Rice Tungro disease in Asia. The American Phytopathological Society. D-2001-1207-01F.
Banerjee, A., Roy, S., Tarafdar, J., & Senapati, B. K. (2009). Present status of rice tungro disease in West Bengal: occurrence and characterization of viruses. J. Crop Weed, 5, 232-235.
Bao, Y., & Hull, R. (1993). Mapping the 5′-terminus of rice tungro bacilliform viral genomic RNA. Virology, 197(1), 445-448.
Bhakta V. G., Lenka S. & Mohanty S.K. (2009). Differentiation of Rice Tungro Virus Strains. Oryza. 46(2), 171-173.
Bhusal, K., Sagar G.C. &Bhattarai, K. (2019). A review of RTD in Nepal. Journal of Plant Sciences and Crop protection. 2.
Bunawan, H., Dusik, L., Bunawan, S. N., & Amin, N. M. (2014). Rice tungro disease: From identification to disease control. World Appl. Sci. J, 31(6), 1221-1226.
Dai, S., Wei, X., Alfonso, A. A., Pei, L., Duque, U. G., Zhang, Z., ... & Beachy, R. N. (2008). Transgenic rice plants that overexpress transcription factors RF2a and RF2b are tolerant to rice tungro virus replication and disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(52), 21012-21016.
Dey, S. R. (2016). Green leafhopper (GLH), Nephotettix virescens (Distant) and rice tungro disease (RTD). The Beats of Natural Sciences, 3(3-4), 1-7.
Dey, S. R.& De, M.(2016). Identification of Rice Tungro Disease (RTD) tolerant traditional varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) of West Bengal using forced inoculation methods with insect vector, green leafhopper (GLH), Nephotettix virescens (Distant). Global Journal for Research Analysis, 5(11), 231-232.
Dey, S. R., & De, M. (2019). Inheritance of Tolerance to Rice Tungro Disease (RTD) in F2 Progeny of Cross Between Rice Varieties Radhunipagol and Pusa Basmati-1. Indian Journal of Biology, 6(1), 43 – 48.
Habibuddin, H., Mahir, A. M., Ahmad, I. B., Jalani, B. S., & Imbe, T. (1997). Genetic analysis of resistance to rice tungro spherical virus in several rice varieties. Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Science, 25, 1-8.
Hamdayanty, H., & Ladja, F. T. (2021, July). Molecular detection of tungro virus on mekongga and inpari 4 rice varieties in West Papua. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing. 807, 2.
Hibino, H., Daquioag, R. D., Mesina, E. M., & Aguiero, V. M. (1990). Resistances in rice to tungro-associated viruses. Plant Dis, 74(74), 923-926.
Hull, R. (1996). Molecular biology of rice tungro viruses. Annual review of phytopathology, 34(1), 275-297.
Ireneo B., Filomena P. & Sta.Cruz C. (2024). Chapter 9 - Rice tungro disease, Editor(s): L.P. Awasthi, Viral Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops, Academic Press. 81-86,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90899-3.00071-9.
Jagram, N., & Dasgupta, I. (2023). Principles and practice of virus induced gene silencing for functional genomics in plants. Virus genes, 59(2), 173-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-022-01941-5.
Kannan, M., Saad, M. M., Zainal, Z., Kassim, H., Ismail, I., Talip, N., ... & Bunawan, H. (2020). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the first complete genome of ricetungro spherical virus in Malaysia. Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 18(4), e2566.
Kumar, G., & Dasgupta, I. (2020). Comprehensive molecular insights into the stress response dynamics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) during rice tungro disease by RNA-seq-based comparative whole transcriptome analysis. Journal of biosciences, 45(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-020-9996-x
Laco, G. S., & Beachy, R. N. (1994). Rice tungro bacilliform virus encodes reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, and ribonuclease H activities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 91(7), 2654-2658. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.7.2654
Ling K.C. (1979). Recent studies on Rice Tungro Disease at IRRI. IRRI Research Paper series. November, 31-36.
Muralidharan, K., Krishnaveni, D., Rajarajeswari, N. V. L., & Prasad, A. S. R. (2003). Tungro epidemics and yield losses in paddy fields in India. Current science, 85(8), 1143-1147. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24108612
Naresh, M., Purkayastha, A., & Dasgupta, I. (2024). P4 protein of an Indian isolate of rice tungro bacilliform virus modulates gene silencing. Virus Genes, 60(1), 55-64.
Nas, M. & Cortez R. Camil. (2011) How to overcome RTV. Manila Bulletin Agriculture Magazine. July. 72-79.
Nur, R., Tutik, K., Nur, A., & Andi, N. (2020). Resistance durability of several rice cultivars against rice tungro disease in south Sulawesi, Indonesia. Pak. J. Phytopathol. 32 (02): 203-211. https://doi.org/10.33866/phytopathol.030.02.0594
Pangga, I. B., & Cruz, F. C. S. (2024). Rice tungro disease. In Viral Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops, Academic Press. 81-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90899-3.00071-9.
Patel, S. K., Rajeswari, B., & Krishnaveni, D. (2018). Weed host range of rice tungro virus disease. Plant archives, 18(1), 117-119.
Praptana, R. H., Sumardiyono, Y. B., Hartono, S., & Trisyono, Y. A. (2018). Variasi Genetik Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) dari Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Nusa Tenggara Barat, dan Sulawesi Tengah. Jurnal AgroBiogen, 13(2), 75-82.
Qu, R., Bhattacharyya, M., Laco, G. S., De Kochko, A., Rao, B. S., Kaniewska, M. B., ... & Beachy, R. N. (1991). Characterization of the genome of rice tungro bacilliform virus: comparison with Commelina yellow mottle virus and caulimoviruses. Virology, 185(1), 354-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(91)90783-8
Rahayu, S., Hannum, S., Cristin, L., & Tampubolon, D. M. (2024, May). Detection of Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus (RTBV) causes of tungro disease in rice plant (Oryza sativa l.) in Langkat, North Sumatera using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) technique. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing. 1352(1), 012043. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1352/1/012043
Rongda QU, Bhattacharyya Maitrayeee, Laco S. Gary, Koch Ko De Alexandre, Rao Subba B.L., Kaniewska B.Maria, Elmer Scott. J. Rochester E.Dean, Smith E.Christine, Beachy N. Roger. (1991). Characterization of the Genome of RTBV: Comparison with yellow Mottle virus and Caulimoviruses. Commelina Virology, 185, 354-364.
Saha, M., De, M., Chattoraj, S., Roy, S., Das, R., Nayeb, J., ... & Dey, S. R. (2023b). Prediction of Secondary Structure of RNA of RTSV (Rice Tungro Spherical Virus): A RNA Virus Associated With Rice Tungro Disease (RTD). International Journal of all Research Education and Scientific Methods,11(7), 2241-2244. https://doi.org/10.56025/IJARESM.2023.117232241
Saha, Meghna, Jawed, Ramsa, Dasgupta, Shrutiparna, Chowdhury, Sharmistha, Dhawan, Kriti, Mukherjee, Preeti, Sengupta, Srijita, Das, Rayan, De, Mitu, Mondal, Samiran and Santi, Ranjan, Dey. (2023a). Unfolding RNA Structure of RTBV: Encoded by DS DNA Embedded in Rice Genome, A Bioinformatics Approach Related with Rice Tungro Disease. International Journal of all Research Education and Scientific Methods. 11(7), 1130 – 1133pp. https://doi.org/10.56025/IJARESM.2023.117231130
Sharma, S., Kumar, G., Mangrauthia, S., Neeraja, C. N., Krishnaveni, D., & Dasgupta, I. (2017). Characteristics of Tungrovirus occurring in India. A Century of Plant Virology in India, 475-486. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5672-7_21
Sutrawati, M., Ganefianti, D. W., Sipriyadi, S., Wibowo, R. H., Agustin, Z., Listihani, & Selangga, D. G. W. (2021). Disease incidence and molecular diversity of Tungro Virus on rice (Oryza sativa) in Bengkulu, Indonesia. http://www.ijat-aatsea.com/pdf/v17_n5_2021_September/25_IJAT_17(5)_Sutrawati,%20M.(110).pdf
Tangkananond W., Chettanachit D. & Boonadee W. (2005). Isolation and purification of RTV. Thammasat Int.J.sc Tech . 10(1), 20-25.
Truong, X. H., Tiongco, E. R., Batay-an, E. H., Mancao, S. C., Du, M. J. C., & Juguan, N. A. (1999). Rice tungro disease in the Philippines. In Rice Tungro Disease Management, Chancellor TCB, Azzam O, Heong KL, (eds.) Proceedings of the lnternational Workshop on Tungro Disease Management, 9-11 IRRI, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. Makati City (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 1-10.
Uda, M. N. A. (2015) Immunosensor-based detection of tungro disease in rice plant. Masters thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Retrived from : http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/56694 on 15th June 2024.
Varma A., NiaZi F.R, Dasgupta I., Singh., J., Cheema S.S. & Sokhi S.S. (1999).Alarmic epidemic of RTD in N.W.India. Indian Phytopath. 52, 19-29.
Anjaneyulu A., Satapathy M.K. & Shukla V.D. (1994). Rice Tungro. Oxford & IBH. 1-228.
Azgar Md.A. &YonzoneR.(2018).Studies on the Incidence of RTV and Population dynamics of it’s predominant vector. Int.J.Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 7(3), 778-786.
Azzam O. & Chancellor T. C.B. (2002). The Biology, Epidemiology and Management of Rice Tungro disease in Asia. The American Phytopathological Society. D-2001-1207-01F.
Banerjee, A., Roy, S., Tarafdar, J., & Senapati, B. K. (2009). Present status of rice tungro disease in West Bengal: occurrence and characterization of viruses. J. Crop Weed, 5, 232-235.
Bao, Y., & Hull, R. (1993). Mapping the 5′-terminus of rice tungro bacilliform viral genomic RNA. Virology, 197(1), 445-448.
Bhakta V. G., Lenka S. & Mohanty S.K. (2009). Differentiation of Rice Tungro Virus Strains. Oryza. 46(2), 171-173.
Bhusal, K., Sagar G.C. &Bhattarai, K. (2019). A review of RTD in Nepal. Journal of Plant Sciences and Crop protection. 2.
Bunawan, H., Dusik, L., Bunawan, S. N., & Amin, N. M. (2014). Rice tungro disease: From identification to disease control. World Appl. Sci. J, 31(6), 1221-1226.
Dai, S., Wei, X., Alfonso, A. A., Pei, L., Duque, U. G., Zhang, Z., ... & Beachy, R. N. (2008). Transgenic rice plants that overexpress transcription factors RF2a and RF2b are tolerant to rice tungro virus replication and disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105(52), 21012-21016.
Dey, S. R. (2016). Green leafhopper (GLH), Nephotettix virescens (Distant) and rice tungro disease (RTD). The Beats of Natural Sciences, 3(3-4), 1-7.
Dey, S. R.& De, M.(2016). Identification of Rice Tungro Disease (RTD) tolerant traditional varieties of rice (Oryza sativa L.) of West Bengal using forced inoculation methods with insect vector, green leafhopper (GLH), Nephotettix virescens (Distant). Global Journal for Research Analysis, 5(11), 231-232.
Dey, S. R., & De, M. (2019). Inheritance of Tolerance to Rice Tungro Disease (RTD) in F2 Progeny of Cross Between Rice Varieties Radhunipagol and Pusa Basmati-1. Indian Journal of Biology, 6(1), 43 – 48.
Habibuddin, H., Mahir, A. M., Ahmad, I. B., Jalani, B. S., & Imbe, T. (1997). Genetic analysis of resistance to rice tungro spherical virus in several rice varieties. Journal of Tropical Agriculture and Food Science, 25, 1-8.
Hamdayanty, H., & Ladja, F. T. (2021, July). Molecular detection of tungro virus on mekongga and inpari 4 rice varieties in West Papua. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, IOP Publishing. 807, 2.
Hibino, H., Daquioag, R. D., Mesina, E. M., & Aguiero, V. M. (1990). Resistances in rice to tungro-associated viruses. Plant Dis, 74(74), 923-926.
Hull, R. (1996). Molecular biology of rice tungro viruses. Annual review of phytopathology, 34(1), 275-297.
Ireneo B., Filomena P. & Sta.Cruz C. (2024). Chapter 9 - Rice tungro disease, Editor(s): L.P. Awasthi, Viral Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops, Academic Press. 81-86,
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90899-3.00071-9.
Jagram, N., & Dasgupta, I. (2023). Principles and practice of virus induced gene silencing for functional genomics in plants. Virus genes, 59(2), 173-187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11262-022-01941-5.
Kannan, M., Saad, M. M., Zainal, Z., Kassim, H., Ismail, I., Talip, N., ... & Bunawan, H. (2020). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the first complete genome of ricetungro spherical virus in Malaysia. Iranian Journal of Biotechnology, 18(4), e2566.
Kumar, G., & Dasgupta, I. (2020). Comprehensive molecular insights into the stress response dynamics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) during rice tungro disease by RNA-seq-based comparative whole transcriptome analysis. Journal of biosciences, 45(1), 27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-020-9996-x
Laco, G. S., & Beachy, R. N. (1994). Rice tungro bacilliform virus encodes reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, and ribonuclease H activities. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 91(7), 2654-2658. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.91.7.2654
Ling K.C. (1979). Recent studies on Rice Tungro Disease at IRRI. IRRI Research Paper series. November, 31-36.
Muralidharan, K., Krishnaveni, D., Rajarajeswari, N. V. L., & Prasad, A. S. R. (2003). Tungro epidemics and yield losses in paddy fields in India. Current science, 85(8), 1143-1147. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24108612
Naresh, M., Purkayastha, A., & Dasgupta, I. (2024). P4 protein of an Indian isolate of rice tungro bacilliform virus modulates gene silencing. Virus Genes, 60(1), 55-64.
Nas, M. & Cortez R. Camil. (2011) How to overcome RTV. Manila Bulletin Agriculture Magazine. July. 72-79.
Nur, R., Tutik, K., Nur, A., & Andi, N. (2020). Resistance durability of several rice cultivars against rice tungro disease in south Sulawesi, Indonesia. Pak. J. Phytopathol. 32 (02): 203-211. https://doi.org/10.33866/phytopathol.030.02.0594
Pangga, I. B., & Cruz, F. C. S. (2024). Rice tungro disease. In Viral Diseases of Field and Horticultural Crops, Academic Press. 81-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90899-3.00071-9.
Patel, S. K., Rajeswari, B., & Krishnaveni, D. (2018). Weed host range of rice tungro virus disease. Plant archives, 18(1), 117-119.
Praptana, R. H., Sumardiyono, Y. B., Hartono, S., & Trisyono, Y. A. (2018). Variasi Genetik Rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) dari Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Nusa Tenggara Barat, dan Sulawesi Tengah. Jurnal AgroBiogen, 13(2), 75-82.
Qu, R., Bhattacharyya, M., Laco, G. S., De Kochko, A., Rao, B. S., Kaniewska, M. B., ... & Beachy, R. N. (1991). Characterization of the genome of rice tungro bacilliform virus: comparison with Commelina yellow mottle virus and caulimoviruses. Virology, 185(1), 354-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/0042-6822(91)90783-8
Rahayu, S., Hannum, S., Cristin, L., & Tampubolon, D. M. (2024, May). Detection of Rice Tungro Bacilliform Virus (RTBV) causes of tungro disease in rice plant (Oryza sativa l.) in Langkat, North Sumatera using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) technique. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. IOP Publishing. 1352(1), 012043. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1352/1/012043
Rongda QU, Bhattacharyya Maitrayeee, Laco S. Gary, Koch Ko De Alexandre, Rao Subba B.L., Kaniewska B.Maria, Elmer Scott. J. Rochester E.Dean, Smith E.Christine, Beachy N. Roger. (1991). Characterization of the Genome of RTBV: Comparison with yellow Mottle virus and Caulimoviruses. Commelina Virology, 185, 354-364.
Saha, M., De, M., Chattoraj, S., Roy, S., Das, R., Nayeb, J., ... & Dey, S. R. (2023b). Prediction of Secondary Structure of RNA of RTSV (Rice Tungro Spherical Virus): A RNA Virus Associated With Rice Tungro Disease (RTD). International Journal of all Research Education and Scientific Methods,11(7), 2241-2244. https://doi.org/10.56025/IJARESM.2023.117232241
Saha, Meghna, Jawed, Ramsa, Dasgupta, Shrutiparna, Chowdhury, Sharmistha, Dhawan, Kriti, Mukherjee, Preeti, Sengupta, Srijita, Das, Rayan, De, Mitu, Mondal, Samiran and Santi, Ranjan, Dey. (2023a). Unfolding RNA Structure of RTBV: Encoded by DS DNA Embedded in Rice Genome, A Bioinformatics Approach Related with Rice Tungro Disease. International Journal of all Research Education and Scientific Methods. 11(7), 1130 – 1133pp. https://doi.org/10.56025/IJARESM.2023.117231130
Sharma, S., Kumar, G., Mangrauthia, S., Neeraja, C. N., Krishnaveni, D., & Dasgupta, I. (2017). Characteristics of Tungrovirus occurring in India. A Century of Plant Virology in India, 475-486. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5672-7_21
Sutrawati, M., Ganefianti, D. W., Sipriyadi, S., Wibowo, R. H., Agustin, Z., Listihani, & Selangga, D. G. W. (2021). Disease incidence and molecular diversity of Tungro Virus on rice (Oryza sativa) in Bengkulu, Indonesia. http://www.ijat-aatsea.com/pdf/v17_n5_2021_September/25_IJAT_17(5)_Sutrawati,%20M.(110).pdf
Tangkananond W., Chettanachit D. & Boonadee W. (2005). Isolation and purification of RTV. Thammasat Int.J.sc Tech . 10(1), 20-25.
Truong, X. H., Tiongco, E. R., Batay-an, E. H., Mancao, S. C., Du, M. J. C., & Juguan, N. A. (1999). Rice tungro disease in the Philippines. In Rice Tungro Disease Management, Chancellor TCB, Azzam O, Heong KL, (eds.) Proceedings of the lnternational Workshop on Tungro Disease Management, 9-11 IRRI, Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines. Makati City (Philippines): International Rice Research Institute. 1-10.
Uda, M. N. A. (2015) Immunosensor-based detection of tungro disease in rice plant. Masters thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Retrived from : http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/56694 on 15th June 2024.
Varma A., NiaZi F.R, Dasgupta I., Singh., J., Cheema S.S. & Sokhi S.S. (1999).Alarmic epidemic of RTD in N.W.India. Indian Phytopath. 52, 19-29.
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Dey, S., Das, R., & De, M. (2024). A Brief Review on Present Status of Rice Tungro Disease: Types of Viruses, Vectors, Occurrence, Symptoms, Control and Resistant Rice Varieties. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 7(3), 15-23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.2024.v07i03.002
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