Eugenol Found by GC-MS Analysis of The Methanolic Extract of The Fruit Pulp of Indigenous Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Variety, Champa from Murshidabad District of West Bengal, India
Eugenol Found by GC-MS Analysis of The Methanolic Extract of The Fruit Pulp of Mangifera indica L.
Abstract
Indigenous mango (Mangifera indica L.) varieties have unique aroma, taste, flavour, texture and size. The interactions among volatile compounds and with sugars and acids have a role in the distinct mango flavor. Murshidabad district of West Bengal has several indigenous mango varieties that have unique attributes like taste and aroma. The indigenous Champa mango variety of Murshidabad district has a distinct aroma very similar to that of the champaka flower (Michelia champaca L.). The present investigation was to determine if there was any phyto-chemical which could be responsible for the distinct and unique aroma present in the mango variety Champa. Eugenol, a phytogenic bioactive component frequently found in diversified herbal plants was found by GC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract of the fruit pulp of indigenous mango variety, Champa.
Keywords:
Eugenol; Aroma; Champa; Indigenous mango variety; Murshidabad.
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References
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Bartley, J. P. (1988). Volatile flavours of Australian tropical fruits. Biomed. EnViron. Mass Spectrom. 16, 201-205.
Bajpai A, Muthukumar M, Ahmad I, Ravishankar KV, Parthasarthy VA, Sthapit B, Rao R, Verma JP, Rajan S. (2016). Molecular and morphological diversity in locally grown non-commercial (heirloom) mango varieties of North India. J Environ Biol. 37(2):221-8.
Banerjee, G. D. (2011). Economics of Mango Cultivation. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Economic Analysis and Research, Occ. Paper 4, pp 147.
Bender, R. J., Brecht, J. K., Baldwin, E. A., Malundo, T. M. M. (2000). Aroma volatiles of mature-green and tree-Ripe ‘Tommy Atkins’ mangoes after controlled atmosphere vs. air storage. Hortic. Sci. 35, 684–686.
Berg, T. (2009). Landraces and folk varieties: a conceptual reappraisal of terminology. Euphytica 166: pp 423–430
Costa, F.; Cappellin, L.; Zini, E.; Patocchi, A.; Kellerhals, M.; Komjanc, M.; Gessler, C.; Biasioli, F. (2013). QTL validation and stability for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in apple. Plant Sci. Int. J. Exp. Plant Biol. 211, 1–7
Dash, R. C. and Hota, B. N. (1977). Some indigenous mango varieties of Orissa. Orissa J. Hort., 5: 35-52.
De, Mitu. (2015). Custodian Farmers and the Mango Legacy of India. The Beats of Natural Sciences. (ISSN-2348-7615) Vol. 2, Issue 3 (September), Article No. 5. 1-10.
Dinesh, M R & Rajan, Shailendra & Singh, Sanjay Kumar & Singh, Ip & Ravishankar, Kundapura & Reddy, Bmc & Va, Parthasarathy & Sthapit, Bhuwon & Rao, Ramanatha & Sandya, Bs. (2015). Heirloom/Seedling Mango Varieties of India – Potentialities and Future. Indian J. Plant Genet. Resour. 28(1): 139-152.
Dutta, S., De, S., & De, M. (2020). Characterisation of the mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit and fruit pulp of some indigenous mango varieties of Murshidabad district of West Bengal. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 3(2), 23-28.
Herrmann KM, Weaver LM. (1999). The shikimate pathway. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 50:473–503.
Karihaloo, Jawahir & Dwivedi, Yogesh & Archak, Sunil & Gaikwad, Ambika. (2003). Analysis of genetic diversity of Indian mango cultivars using RAPD markers. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 78. 285-289.
Khalil, Anees Ahmed & Rahman, Ubaid & Khan, Moazzam Rafiq & Sahar, Amna & Mehmood, Tariq & Khan, Muneeb. (2017). Essential oil eugenol: Sources, extraction techniques and nutraceutical perspectives. RSC Adv.. 7. 32669-32681.
Lebrun, M., Plotto, A., Goodner, K., Ducamp, M., Baldwin, E. (2008). Discrimination of mango fruit maturity by volatiles using the electronic nose and gas chromatography. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 48, 122–131.
Li, L., Ma, X. W., Zhan, R. L., Wu, H. X., Yao, Q. S., Xu, W. T., et al. (2017). Profiling of volatile fragrant components in a mini-core collection of mango germplasms from seven countries. PLoS One 12 (12), 1–14.
Liu, Haocheng, An, Kejing, Su, Siqi, Yu, Yuanshan, Wu, Jijun, Xiao, Gengsheng and Xu, Yujuan. (2020). Aromatic Characterization of Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) Using Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and Olfactometry and Sensory Analyses. Foods, 9, 75; 1-20.
MacLeod, A. J.; Pieris, N. M. (1984). Comparison of the volatile components of some mango cultivars. Phytochemistry 23, 361-366.
Malundo, T.M.M., E.A. Baldwin, G.O. Ware, and R.L. Shewfelt. (1996). Volatile composition and interaction influence flavor properties of mango (Mangifera indica L.). Proc. Fla State Hort. Soc. 109: 264-268.
Malundo, T.M.M., R.L. Shewfelt, G.O. Ware, and E.A. Baldwin. (2001). Sugars and acids influence flavor properties of mango (Mangifera indica L.). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 126: 115-121.
Mamiro, Peter & Fweja, Leonard & Chove, Bernard & Kinabo, Joyce & George, Victor & Mtebe, Kaswija. (2007). Physical and chemical characteristics of off vine ripened mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit (Dodo). African Journal of Biotechnology (ISSN: 1684-5315) Vol 6 (21). 6: 2477-2483.
Mehta, Indu. (2017). History of Mango – ‘King of Fruits.’ International Journal of Engineering Science Invention. 6(7),pp. 20-24.
Mukherjee, S.K. (1953). The mango-its botany cultivation, uses and future improvements, especially as observed in India. Econ. Bot. 7: 130–162.
Mukherjee, S.K.. (1950). Cytological Investigation of the Mango (Magnifera indica L) and the Allied Indian Species. Proceedings of the National Institute of Science in India. 16.
Musharraf SG, Uddin J, Siddiqui AJ, Akram MI (2016). Quantification of aroma constituents of mango sap from different pakistan mango cultivars using gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Food Chem 96: 1355–1360.
Pandit, S. S., Kulkarni, R. S., Giri, A. P., Köllner, T. G., Degenhardt, J., Gershenzon, J., et al. (2010). Expression profiling of various genes during the fruit development and ripening of mango. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 48, 426–433.
Pal, Ankush, Bandyopadhyay, Biplab, Dey, Santi Ranjan, Ganguli, Sayak, Singh, Pankaj Kumar, De, Mitu. (2017). Documentation and Diversity Analysis by DNA Fingerprinting of the indigenous Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Germplasm of West Bengal. Int. J. Exp. Res. Rev., (ISSN- 2455-4855), Vol. 11 (June): pp 21-34.
Pandit, S.S., Chidley, H.G.; Kulkarni, R.S.; Pujari, K.H.; Giri, A.P.; Gupta, V.S. (2009). Cultivar relationships in mango based on fruit volatile profiles. Food Chem. 114, 363–372.
Pino, J. A., Mesa, J., Marti, M. P., Muñoz, Marbot, R. (2005). Volatile components from mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 2213–2223.
Pino, J.; Almora, K.; Marbot, R. (2003). Volatile components of papaya (Carica papaya L., Maradol Variety) fruit. FlaVour Fragrance J. 18, 492-496.
Pino, J., Marbot, R.; Fuentes, V. (2003). Characterization of volatiles in bullock’s heart (Annona reticulata L.) fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 3836-3839.
Pino, J.; Marbot, R.; Vazquez, C. (2002). Characterization of volatiles in Costa Rican guava (Psidium friedrichstalianum (Berg.) Niedenzu) fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 6023-6026.
Pino, J.; Rosado, A.; Sa´nchez, R. (1989). Volatile components of three cultivars of mango from Cuba. Nahrung/Food , 33, 709- 715.
Quijano C E, Salamance G and Pino J A (2007). Aroma volatile constituents of Colombian varieties of mango. Flav. Frag. J. 22, 401-406
Rani, M & Kishore. (2013). Geographical indications in fruit crops -A review. Paripex Indian Journal of Reserach. 3. 148.
Ravishankar, K. V., Lalitha, A., Dinesh, M. R. and Anand, L. (2000). Assessment of genetic relatedness among mango cultivars of India using RAPD markers. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol, 75(2): pp 198–201.
Sanimah, S., Suri, R., Nor Azizun, R, Hazniza, A., Radzali, ., Rusli I. and Hassan, M.D. (2008). Volatile compounds of essential oil from different stages of Michelia alba (cempaka putih) flower development. J. Trop. Agric. and Fd. Sc. 36(1): 109– 119 pp.
Subedi A., Bajracharya J., Joshi B.K., Regmi H.N., Gupta S.R. and Hari B.C.K. (2005). Characterization and genetic diversity of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in Nepal. In: Sthapit BR, Upadhyay MP, Shrestha PK, Jarvis DI (eds.). On-farm conservation of agricultural biodiversity in Nepal. Volume I. Assessing the amount and distribution of genetic diversity on-farm. Proceedings of the Second National Workshop, 25- 27 Aug 2004, Nagarkot, Nepal. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy, pp. 167-175.
Subedi A, Bajracharya J, Regmi HN, H KC, Gupta SR, Joshi BK. (2004). Ecogeographic and genetic diversity analysis of mango in Nepal. In: Proceeding of the Fourth National Workshop on Horticulture, 2–4 March 2004, Kathmandu, Nepal. Horticulture Research Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Kathmandu. Nepal. pp. 66–70.
Tan, K. H., & Nishida, R. (2012). Methyl eugenol: its occurrence, distribution, and role in nature, especially in relation to insect behavior and pollination. Journal of insect science (Online), 12, 56.
Yadav, Deependra and Singh, S. P. (2017). Mango: History origin and distribution. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6): 1257-1262.
Zhang, H., Chen, X. and He, J. J. (2009). Pharmacological action of clove oil and its application in oral care products. Oral Care Industry, vol. 19, pp. 23-24.
Bartley, J. P. (1988). Volatile flavours of Australian tropical fruits. Biomed. EnViron. Mass Spectrom. 16, 201-205.
Bajpai A, Muthukumar M, Ahmad I, Ravishankar KV, Parthasarthy VA, Sthapit B, Rao R, Verma JP, Rajan S. (2016). Molecular and morphological diversity in locally grown non-commercial (heirloom) mango varieties of North India. J Environ Biol. 37(2):221-8.
Banerjee, G. D. (2011). Economics of Mango Cultivation. National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development, Economic Analysis and Research, Occ. Paper 4, pp 147.
Bender, R. J., Brecht, J. K., Baldwin, E. A., Malundo, T. M. M. (2000). Aroma volatiles of mature-green and tree-Ripe ‘Tommy Atkins’ mangoes after controlled atmosphere vs. air storage. Hortic. Sci. 35, 684–686.
Berg, T. (2009). Landraces and folk varieties: a conceptual reappraisal of terminology. Euphytica 166: pp 423–430
Costa, F.; Cappellin, L.; Zini, E.; Patocchi, A.; Kellerhals, M.; Komjanc, M.; Gessler, C.; Biasioli, F. (2013). QTL validation and stability for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in apple. Plant Sci. Int. J. Exp. Plant Biol. 211, 1–7
Dash, R. C. and Hota, B. N. (1977). Some indigenous mango varieties of Orissa. Orissa J. Hort., 5: 35-52.
De, Mitu. (2015). Custodian Farmers and the Mango Legacy of India. The Beats of Natural Sciences. (ISSN-2348-7615) Vol. 2, Issue 3 (September), Article No. 5. 1-10.
Dinesh, M R & Rajan, Shailendra & Singh, Sanjay Kumar & Singh, Ip & Ravishankar, Kundapura & Reddy, Bmc & Va, Parthasarathy & Sthapit, Bhuwon & Rao, Ramanatha & Sandya, Bs. (2015). Heirloom/Seedling Mango Varieties of India – Potentialities and Future. Indian J. Plant Genet. Resour. 28(1): 139-152.
Dutta, S., De, S., & De, M. (2020). Characterisation of the mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit and fruit pulp of some indigenous mango varieties of Murshidabad district of West Bengal. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 3(2), 23-28.
Herrmann KM, Weaver LM. (1999). The shikimate pathway. Annual Review of Plant Physiology and Plant Molecular Biology. 50:473–503.
Karihaloo, Jawahir & Dwivedi, Yogesh & Archak, Sunil & Gaikwad, Ambika. (2003). Analysis of genetic diversity of Indian mango cultivars using RAPD markers. J. Hort. Sci. Biotech. 78. 285-289.
Khalil, Anees Ahmed & Rahman, Ubaid & Khan, Moazzam Rafiq & Sahar, Amna & Mehmood, Tariq & Khan, Muneeb. (2017). Essential oil eugenol: Sources, extraction techniques and nutraceutical perspectives. RSC Adv.. 7. 32669-32681.
Lebrun, M., Plotto, A., Goodner, K., Ducamp, M., Baldwin, E. (2008). Discrimination of mango fruit maturity by volatiles using the electronic nose and gas chromatography. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 48, 122–131.
Li, L., Ma, X. W., Zhan, R. L., Wu, H. X., Yao, Q. S., Xu, W. T., et al. (2017). Profiling of volatile fragrant components in a mini-core collection of mango germplasms from seven countries. PLoS One 12 (12), 1–14.
Liu, Haocheng, An, Kejing, Su, Siqi, Yu, Yuanshan, Wu, Jijun, Xiao, Gengsheng and Xu, Yujuan. (2020). Aromatic Characterization of Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) Using Solid Phase Extraction Coupled with Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and Olfactometry and Sensory Analyses. Foods, 9, 75; 1-20.
MacLeod, A. J.; Pieris, N. M. (1984). Comparison of the volatile components of some mango cultivars. Phytochemistry 23, 361-366.
Malundo, T.M.M., E.A. Baldwin, G.O. Ware, and R.L. Shewfelt. (1996). Volatile composition and interaction influence flavor properties of mango (Mangifera indica L.). Proc. Fla State Hort. Soc. 109: 264-268.
Malundo, T.M.M., R.L. Shewfelt, G.O. Ware, and E.A. Baldwin. (2001). Sugars and acids influence flavor properties of mango (Mangifera indica L.). J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 126: 115-121.
Mamiro, Peter & Fweja, Leonard & Chove, Bernard & Kinabo, Joyce & George, Victor & Mtebe, Kaswija. (2007). Physical and chemical characteristics of off vine ripened mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit (Dodo). African Journal of Biotechnology (ISSN: 1684-5315) Vol 6 (21). 6: 2477-2483.
Mehta, Indu. (2017). History of Mango – ‘King of Fruits.’ International Journal of Engineering Science Invention. 6(7),pp. 20-24.
Mukherjee, S.K. (1953). The mango-its botany cultivation, uses and future improvements, especially as observed in India. Econ. Bot. 7: 130–162.
Mukherjee, S.K.. (1950). Cytological Investigation of the Mango (Magnifera indica L) and the Allied Indian Species. Proceedings of the National Institute of Science in India. 16.
Musharraf SG, Uddin J, Siddiqui AJ, Akram MI (2016). Quantification of aroma constituents of mango sap from different pakistan mango cultivars using gas chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Food Chem 96: 1355–1360.
Pandit, S. S., Kulkarni, R. S., Giri, A. P., Köllner, T. G., Degenhardt, J., Gershenzon, J., et al. (2010). Expression profiling of various genes during the fruit development and ripening of mango. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 48, 426–433.
Pal, Ankush, Bandyopadhyay, Biplab, Dey, Santi Ranjan, Ganguli, Sayak, Singh, Pankaj Kumar, De, Mitu. (2017). Documentation and Diversity Analysis by DNA Fingerprinting of the indigenous Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Germplasm of West Bengal. Int. J. Exp. Res. Rev., (ISSN- 2455-4855), Vol. 11 (June): pp 21-34.
Pandit, S.S., Chidley, H.G.; Kulkarni, R.S.; Pujari, K.H.; Giri, A.P.; Gupta, V.S. (2009). Cultivar relationships in mango based on fruit volatile profiles. Food Chem. 114, 363–372.
Pino, J. A., Mesa, J., Marti, M. P., Muñoz, Marbot, R. (2005). Volatile components from mango (Mangifera indica L.) cultivars. J. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 2213–2223.
Pino, J.; Almora, K.; Marbot, R. (2003). Volatile components of papaya (Carica papaya L., Maradol Variety) fruit. FlaVour Fragrance J. 18, 492-496.
Pino, J., Marbot, R.; Fuentes, V. (2003). Characterization of volatiles in bullock’s heart (Annona reticulata L.) fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem. 51, 3836-3839.
Pino, J.; Marbot, R.; Vazquez, C. (2002). Characterization of volatiles in Costa Rican guava (Psidium friedrichstalianum (Berg.) Niedenzu) fruit. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 6023-6026.
Pino, J.; Rosado, A.; Sa´nchez, R. (1989). Volatile components of three cultivars of mango from Cuba. Nahrung/Food , 33, 709- 715.
Quijano C E, Salamance G and Pino J A (2007). Aroma volatile constituents of Colombian varieties of mango. Flav. Frag. J. 22, 401-406
Rani, M & Kishore. (2013). Geographical indications in fruit crops -A review. Paripex Indian Journal of Reserach. 3. 148.
Ravishankar, K. V., Lalitha, A., Dinesh, M. R. and Anand, L. (2000). Assessment of genetic relatedness among mango cultivars of India using RAPD markers. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol, 75(2): pp 198–201.
Sanimah, S., Suri, R., Nor Azizun, R, Hazniza, A., Radzali, ., Rusli I. and Hassan, M.D. (2008). Volatile compounds of essential oil from different stages of Michelia alba (cempaka putih) flower development. J. Trop. Agric. and Fd. Sc. 36(1): 109– 119 pp.
Subedi A., Bajracharya J., Joshi B.K., Regmi H.N., Gupta S.R. and Hari B.C.K. (2005). Characterization and genetic diversity of mango (Mangifera indica L.) in Nepal. In: Sthapit BR, Upadhyay MP, Shrestha PK, Jarvis DI (eds.). On-farm conservation of agricultural biodiversity in Nepal. Volume I. Assessing the amount and distribution of genetic diversity on-farm. Proceedings of the Second National Workshop, 25- 27 Aug 2004, Nagarkot, Nepal. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy, pp. 167-175.
Subedi A, Bajracharya J, Regmi HN, H KC, Gupta SR, Joshi BK. (2004). Ecogeographic and genetic diversity analysis of mango in Nepal. In: Proceeding of the Fourth National Workshop on Horticulture, 2–4 March 2004, Kathmandu, Nepal. Horticulture Research Division, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Kathmandu. Nepal. pp. 66–70.
Tan, K. H., & Nishida, R. (2012). Methyl eugenol: its occurrence, distribution, and role in nature, especially in relation to insect behavior and pollination. Journal of insect science (Online), 12, 56.
Yadav, Deependra and Singh, S. P. (2017). Mango: History origin and distribution. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6): 1257-1262.
Zhang, H., Chen, X. and He, J. J. (2009). Pharmacological action of clove oil and its application in oral care products. Oral Care Industry, vol. 19, pp. 23-24.
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De, M., Ray, S., Dutta, S., & Dey, S. (2021). Eugenol Found by GC-MS Analysis of The Methanolic Extract of The Fruit Pulp of Indigenous Mango (Mangifera indica L.) Variety, Champa from Murshidabad District of West Bengal, India. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 4(1), 22-30. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.20.v04i01.004
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Research Articles
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