Autism Spectrum Disorder and Gut Microbiome: A Brief Review
ASD and Gut Microbiome
Abstract
The human microbiota consists of the 10-100 trillion symbiotic microbial cells harbored by each person, primarily bacteria in the gut. The association of the gut microbiota with human health and disease has been widely studied. A number of human disorders and diseases have been directly and indirectly associated with the microbiome. Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have distinctive gut microbiota compared to neurotypical children. Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with several oropharyngeal abnormalities, including dysbiosis in the oral microbiota. As there is a correlation between abnormal microbiota and development of autism like behaviour, so, modifying the gut microbiome by probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics and fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) could be a potential route to improve GI and behavioural symptoms in children with ASD.
Keywords:
Microbiome; Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); gut microbiota.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
References
American Psychiatric Publishing (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. American Psychiatric Publishing, Arlington, VA.
Ashwood P, Van de Water J (2004). Is autism an autoimmune disease? Autoimmun Rev 3:557-562.
Bäckhed F, et al. (2005). Host-Bacterial Mutualism in the Human Intestine. Science, 307 (5717): 1915-1920.
Bienenstock, J., Kunze, W., and Forsythe, P. (2015). Microbiota and the gut–brain axis. Nutr. Rev. 73, 28–31.
Buie T, Campbell DB, Fuchs GJ 3rd, Furuta GT, Levy J, Vandewater J, et al. (2010). Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in individuals with ASDs: a consensus report. Pediatrics. Jan;125(Suppl 1):S1–18.
Cani PD. Delzenne NM. (2009). Interplay between obesity and associated metabolic disorders: new insights into the gut microbiota. Curr. Opin Pharmacol.;9:737–743.
Chang J, Gilman SR, Chiang AH, Sanders SJ, Vitkup D (2015). Genotype to phenotype relationships in autism spectrum disorders. Nat Neurosci 18:191-198.
Clifford S, Dissanayake C, Bui QM, Huggins R, Taylor AK, Loesch DZ (2007). Autism spectrum phenotype in malesand females with fragile X full mutation and premutation. J Autism Dev Disord 37:738-747.
Courchesne E, Campbell K, Solso S. (2011). Brain growth across the life span in autism: age-specific changes in anatomical pathology. Brain Res. ;1380:138–145.
Cryan, J. F., O’riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., Sandhu, K. V., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Boehme, M., et al. (2019). The microbiota-gut-brain axis. Physiol. Rev. 99, 1877–2013.
De, Mitu, Bhattacharya, Manisha, Saha, Animita C., Basu, Indrani, Ganguli, Sayak and Dey, Santi Ranjan. (2019). Influence of Oral Microbiome on Human Health: an Overview. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research. Online (ISSN: 2581-4877) Volume 2(1): 16-21 pp.
De, Mitu, Ganguli, Sayak and Dey, Santi Ranjan. (2018). Microbiome, Human Health and Biomarkers: A brief review. Harvest- Online Journal (ISSN 2456-6551) Vol 3 (2), pp. 37-48.
De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Goncalves D, Vinera J, Zitoun C, Duchampt A, Backhed F, Mithieux G. (2014). Microbiota-generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits. Cell. ; 156(1-2):84–96.
Dewhirst FE, Chen T, Izard J, Paster BJ, Tanner AC, Yu WH, Lakshmanan A, Wade WG. (2010). The human oral microbiome. J Bacteriol192 (19): 5002–5017.
Everard A. Cani PD. (2013). Diabetes, obesity and gut microbiota. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol.; 27:73–83.
Felice, V.D.; Quigley, E.M.; Sullivan, A.M.; O’Keeffe, G.W.; O’Mahony, S.M. 2016. Microbiota-Gut-Brain signalling in Parkinson’s disease: Implications for Non-Motor Symptoms. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 27, 1–8.
Finegold SM, Molitoris D, Song Y, et al. 2002.Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism. Clin Infect Dis. September1; 35(Suppl 1):S6–16.
Finegold SM, Dowd SE, Gontcharova V, et al.Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children. Anaerobe. 2010;16(4):444–53
Finegold SM. State of the art; microbiology in health and disease. Intestinal bacterial flora in autism. Anaerobe. 2011;17(6):367–8
Fombonne E. Epidemiology of autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66 (suppl 10):3–8.
Gharani N, Benayed R, Mancuso V, Brzustowicz LM, Millonig JH (2004) Association of the homeobox transcription factor, ENGRAILED 2, 3, with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 9:474-484.
Geschwind DH (2011) Genetics of autism spectrum disorders. Trends Cogn Sci 15:409-416.
Hamady M, Fraser-Liggett CM, Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Knight R, Gordon JI. (2007). The Human Microbiome Project. Nature., 449: 804-810.
Herman GE, Henninger N, Ratliff-Schaub K, Pastore M, Fitzgerald S, McBride KL (2007). Genetic testing in autism: how much is enough? Genet Med 9:268-274.
Iovene MR, Bombace F, Maresca R, Sapone A, Iardino P, Picardi A, et al. (2017). Intestinal dysbiosis and yeast isolation in stool of subjects with autism spectrum disorders. Mycopathologia.; 182:349–363.
Kang DW, Park JG, Ilhan ZE, et al. (2013). Reduced incidence of Prevotella and other fermenters in intestinal microflora of autistic children. PLoS One.; 8(7):e68322.
Karimi P., Kamali E., Mousavi S., Karahmadi M. (2017) Environmental factors influencing the risk of autism. J. Res. Med. Sci; 22: 27.
Kern JK, Jones AM (2006). Evidence of toxicity, oxidative stress, and neuronal insult in autism. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 9: 485-499.
Kim YS, Leventhal BL, Koh YJ, Fombonne E, Laska E, Lim EC, Cheon KA, Kim SJ, Kim YK, Lee H, Song DH, Grinker RR. (2011). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in a total population sample. Am J Psychiatry.; 168: 904–912.
Kolenbrander PE, Andersen RN, Blehert DS. et al. (2002). Communication among Oral Bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 66: 486–505.
Kolevzon A, Gross R, Reichenberg A (2007). Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism: a review and integration of findings. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161:326-333.
Quigley, E.M.M. (2017). Microbiota-Brain-Gut Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 17, 94.
Lange N, Travers BG, Bigler ED, Prigge MB, Froehlich AL, Nielsen JA, Cariello AN, Zielinski BA, Anderson JS, Fletcher PT, Alexander AA, Lainhart JE. 2015. Longitudinal volumetric brain changes in autism spectrum disorder ages 6-35 years. Autism Res. ;8: 82–93.
London EA, Etzel RA (2000) The environment as an etiologic factor in autism: a new direction for research. Environ Health Perspect 108 Suppl 3:401-404.
Manzi B, Loizzo AL, Giana G, Curatolo P (2008). Autism and metabolic diseases. J Child Neurol 23:307-314.
Mayer, E. A., Tillisch, K., and Gupta, A. (2015). Gut/brain axis and the microbiota. J. Clin. Invest. 125, 926–938.
Miles JH (2011). Autism spectrum disorders--a genetics review. Genet Med 13:278-294.
Musso G, Gambino R. Cassader M. (2010). Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota: the hygiene hypothesis expanded? Diabetes Care.; 33: 2277–2284.
Olsen I, Hicks SD. Oral microbiota and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). J Oral Microbiol. 2019 12;12(1):1702806. doi: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1702806. PMID: 31893019; PMCID: PMC6913665.
Relman, David A. (2012).The human microbiome: ecosystem resilience and health. Nutr Rev. 70 (Suppl 1): S2–S9.
Richards C, Oliver C, Nelson L, Moss J (2012). Self-injurious behaviour in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res 56:476-489.
Scott KP, Gratz SW, Sheridan PO, Flint HJ. Duncan SH. (2012). The influence of diet on the gut microbiota. Pharmacol Res. 69:52–60.
Siniscalco D., Schultz S., Brigida A., Antonucci N. (2018). Inflammation and Neuro-Immune Dysregulations in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pharmaceuticals.;11:56.
Szatmari P, Jones MB, Zwaigenbaum L, MacLean JE (1998). Genetics of autism: overview and new directions. J Autism Dev Disord 28:351-368.
Tomova A, Husarova V, Lakatosova S, Bakos J, Vlkova B, Babinska K, et al. (2015). Gastrointestinal microbiota in children with autism in Slovakia. Physiol Behav. 138: 179–187.
Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, Fraser-Liggett CM, Knight R, Gordon JI. (2007). The human microbiome project. Nature. 449: 804–810.
Uddin LQ, Supekar K, Menon V. (2013). Reconceptualizing functional brain connectivity in autism from a developmental perspective. Front Hum Neurosci.;7:458.
Walsh, C. J., Guinane, C. M., O’Toole, P. W. & Cotter, P. D. (2014). Beneficial modulation of the gut microbiota. FEBS Letters 588, 4120-4130,
Walsh P, Elsabbagh M, Bolton P, Singh I. In search of biomarkers for autism: scientific, social and ethical challenges. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12: 603–612.
Wu M., Wu Y., Yu L., Liu J., Zhang M., Kong X., Wu B. A Survey of Epidemiological Studies and Risk Factors of ASD, with a Focus on China. N. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2017; 10:1–9
Voineagu I, Wang X, Johnston P, Lowe JK, Tian Y, Horvath S, Mill J, Cantor RM, Blencowe BJ, Geschwind DH (2011) Transcriptomic analysis of autistic brain reveals convergent molecular pathology. Nature 474:380-384.
Yarandi, S. S., Peterson, D. A., Treisman, G. J., Moran, T. H., & Pasricha, P. J. (2016). Modulatory effects of gut microbiota on the central nervous system: how gut could play a role in neuropsychiatric health and diseases. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and motility, 22(2), 201-212.
Ashwood P, Van de Water J (2004). Is autism an autoimmune disease? Autoimmun Rev 3:557-562.
Bäckhed F, et al. (2005). Host-Bacterial Mutualism in the Human Intestine. Science, 307 (5717): 1915-1920.
Bienenstock, J., Kunze, W., and Forsythe, P. (2015). Microbiota and the gut–brain axis. Nutr. Rev. 73, 28–31.
Buie T, Campbell DB, Fuchs GJ 3rd, Furuta GT, Levy J, Vandewater J, et al. (2010). Evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of gastrointestinal disorders in individuals with ASDs: a consensus report. Pediatrics. Jan;125(Suppl 1):S1–18.
Cani PD. Delzenne NM. (2009). Interplay between obesity and associated metabolic disorders: new insights into the gut microbiota. Curr. Opin Pharmacol.;9:737–743.
Chang J, Gilman SR, Chiang AH, Sanders SJ, Vitkup D (2015). Genotype to phenotype relationships in autism spectrum disorders. Nat Neurosci 18:191-198.
Clifford S, Dissanayake C, Bui QM, Huggins R, Taylor AK, Loesch DZ (2007). Autism spectrum phenotype in malesand females with fragile X full mutation and premutation. J Autism Dev Disord 37:738-747.
Courchesne E, Campbell K, Solso S. (2011). Brain growth across the life span in autism: age-specific changes in anatomical pathology. Brain Res. ;1380:138–145.
Cryan, J. F., O’riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., Sandhu, K. V., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Boehme, M., et al. (2019). The microbiota-gut-brain axis. Physiol. Rev. 99, 1877–2013.
De, Mitu, Bhattacharya, Manisha, Saha, Animita C., Basu, Indrani, Ganguli, Sayak and Dey, Santi Ranjan. (2019). Influence of Oral Microbiome on Human Health: an Overview. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research. Online (ISSN: 2581-4877) Volume 2(1): 16-21 pp.
De, Mitu, Ganguli, Sayak and Dey, Santi Ranjan. (2018). Microbiome, Human Health and Biomarkers: A brief review. Harvest- Online Journal (ISSN 2456-6551) Vol 3 (2), pp. 37-48.
De Vadder F, Kovatcheva-Datchary P, Goncalves D, Vinera J, Zitoun C, Duchampt A, Backhed F, Mithieux G. (2014). Microbiota-generated metabolites promote metabolic benefits via gut-brain neural circuits. Cell. ; 156(1-2):84–96.
Dewhirst FE, Chen T, Izard J, Paster BJ, Tanner AC, Yu WH, Lakshmanan A, Wade WG. (2010). The human oral microbiome. J Bacteriol192 (19): 5002–5017.
Everard A. Cani PD. (2013). Diabetes, obesity and gut microbiota. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol.; 27:73–83.
Felice, V.D.; Quigley, E.M.; Sullivan, A.M.; O’Keeffe, G.W.; O’Mahony, S.M. 2016. Microbiota-Gut-Brain signalling in Parkinson’s disease: Implications for Non-Motor Symptoms. Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 27, 1–8.
Finegold SM, Molitoris D, Song Y, et al. 2002.Gastrointestinal microflora studies in late-onset autism. Clin Infect Dis. September1; 35(Suppl 1):S6–16.
Finegold SM, Dowd SE, Gontcharova V, et al.Pyrosequencing study of fecal microflora of autistic and control children. Anaerobe. 2010;16(4):444–53
Finegold SM. State of the art; microbiology in health and disease. Intestinal bacterial flora in autism. Anaerobe. 2011;17(6):367–8
Fombonne E. Epidemiology of autistic disorder and other pervasive developmental disorders. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005;66 (suppl 10):3–8.
Gharani N, Benayed R, Mancuso V, Brzustowicz LM, Millonig JH (2004) Association of the homeobox transcription factor, ENGRAILED 2, 3, with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Psychiatry 9:474-484.
Geschwind DH (2011) Genetics of autism spectrum disorders. Trends Cogn Sci 15:409-416.
Hamady M, Fraser-Liggett CM, Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Knight R, Gordon JI. (2007). The Human Microbiome Project. Nature., 449: 804-810.
Herman GE, Henninger N, Ratliff-Schaub K, Pastore M, Fitzgerald S, McBride KL (2007). Genetic testing in autism: how much is enough? Genet Med 9:268-274.
Iovene MR, Bombace F, Maresca R, Sapone A, Iardino P, Picardi A, et al. (2017). Intestinal dysbiosis and yeast isolation in stool of subjects with autism spectrum disorders. Mycopathologia.; 182:349–363.
Kang DW, Park JG, Ilhan ZE, et al. (2013). Reduced incidence of Prevotella and other fermenters in intestinal microflora of autistic children. PLoS One.; 8(7):e68322.
Karimi P., Kamali E., Mousavi S., Karahmadi M. (2017) Environmental factors influencing the risk of autism. J. Res. Med. Sci; 22: 27.
Kern JK, Jones AM (2006). Evidence of toxicity, oxidative stress, and neuronal insult in autism. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev 9: 485-499.
Kim YS, Leventhal BL, Koh YJ, Fombonne E, Laska E, Lim EC, Cheon KA, Kim SJ, Kim YK, Lee H, Song DH, Grinker RR. (2011). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in a total population sample. Am J Psychiatry.; 168: 904–912.
Kolenbrander PE, Andersen RN, Blehert DS. et al. (2002). Communication among Oral Bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 66: 486–505.
Kolevzon A, Gross R, Reichenberg A (2007). Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism: a review and integration of findings. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 161:326-333.
Quigley, E.M.M. (2017). Microbiota-Brain-Gut Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 17, 94.
Lange N, Travers BG, Bigler ED, Prigge MB, Froehlich AL, Nielsen JA, Cariello AN, Zielinski BA, Anderson JS, Fletcher PT, Alexander AA, Lainhart JE. 2015. Longitudinal volumetric brain changes in autism spectrum disorder ages 6-35 years. Autism Res. ;8: 82–93.
London EA, Etzel RA (2000) The environment as an etiologic factor in autism: a new direction for research. Environ Health Perspect 108 Suppl 3:401-404.
Manzi B, Loizzo AL, Giana G, Curatolo P (2008). Autism and metabolic diseases. J Child Neurol 23:307-314.
Mayer, E. A., Tillisch, K., and Gupta, A. (2015). Gut/brain axis and the microbiota. J. Clin. Invest. 125, 926–938.
Miles JH (2011). Autism spectrum disorders--a genetics review. Genet Med 13:278-294.
Musso G, Gambino R. Cassader M. (2010). Obesity, diabetes, and gut microbiota: the hygiene hypothesis expanded? Diabetes Care.; 33: 2277–2284.
Olsen I, Hicks SD. Oral microbiota and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). J Oral Microbiol. 2019 12;12(1):1702806. doi: 10.1080/20002297.2019.1702806. PMID: 31893019; PMCID: PMC6913665.
Relman, David A. (2012).The human microbiome: ecosystem resilience and health. Nutr Rev. 70 (Suppl 1): S2–S9.
Richards C, Oliver C, Nelson L, Moss J (2012). Self-injurious behaviour in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. J Intellect Disabil Res 56:476-489.
Scott KP, Gratz SW, Sheridan PO, Flint HJ. Duncan SH. (2012). The influence of diet on the gut microbiota. Pharmacol Res. 69:52–60.
Siniscalco D., Schultz S., Brigida A., Antonucci N. (2018). Inflammation and Neuro-Immune Dysregulations in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pharmaceuticals.;11:56.
Szatmari P, Jones MB, Zwaigenbaum L, MacLean JE (1998). Genetics of autism: overview and new directions. J Autism Dev Disord 28:351-368.
Tomova A, Husarova V, Lakatosova S, Bakos J, Vlkova B, Babinska K, et al. (2015). Gastrointestinal microbiota in children with autism in Slovakia. Physiol Behav. 138: 179–187.
Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Hamady M, Fraser-Liggett CM, Knight R, Gordon JI. (2007). The human microbiome project. Nature. 449: 804–810.
Uddin LQ, Supekar K, Menon V. (2013). Reconceptualizing functional brain connectivity in autism from a developmental perspective. Front Hum Neurosci.;7:458.
Walsh, C. J., Guinane, C. M., O’Toole, P. W. & Cotter, P. D. (2014). Beneficial modulation of the gut microbiota. FEBS Letters 588, 4120-4130,
Walsh P, Elsabbagh M, Bolton P, Singh I. In search of biomarkers for autism: scientific, social and ethical challenges. Nat Rev Neurosci 2011; 12: 603–612.
Wu M., Wu Y., Yu L., Liu J., Zhang M., Kong X., Wu B. A Survey of Epidemiological Studies and Risk Factors of ASD, with a Focus on China. N. Am. J. Med. Sci. 2017; 10:1–9
Voineagu I, Wang X, Johnston P, Lowe JK, Tian Y, Horvath S, Mill J, Cantor RM, Blencowe BJ, Geschwind DH (2011) Transcriptomic analysis of autistic brain reveals convergent molecular pathology. Nature 474:380-384.
Yarandi, S. S., Peterson, D. A., Treisman, G. J., Moran, T. H., & Pasricha, P. J. (2016). Modulatory effects of gut microbiota on the central nervous system: how gut could play a role in neuropsychiatric health and diseases. Journal of Neurogastroenterology and motility, 22(2), 201-212.
Statistics
719 Views | 607 Downloads
How to Cite
Banerjee, A., Dey, S., Basu, I., & De, M. (2021). Autism Spectrum Disorder and Gut Microbiome: A Brief Review. International Journal of Advancement in Life Sciences Research, 4(1), 1-6. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31632/ijalsr.20.v04i01.001
Section
Review Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
.